Free Essays on Vanderbilt Family

Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794-January 4, 1877) was an American steamship and railroad builder, executive, financier, and promoter. He was a man of boundless energy, and his acute business sense enabled him to outmaneuver his rivals. He left an estate of almost $100 million. Vanderbilt was born to a poor family and quit school at the age of 11 to work for his father who was engaged in boating. When he turned 16 he persuaded his mother to give him $100 loan for a boat to start his first business. He opened a transport and freight service between New York City and Staten Island for eighteen cents a trip. He repaid the loan after the first year with an additional $1,000. He was rough in manners and developed a reputation for honesty. He charged reasonable prices and worked prodigiously. The War of 1812 created new opportunities for expansion, and Vanderbilt received a government contract to supply the forts around New York. Large profits allowed him to build a schooner and two other vessels for coastal trade. Vanderbilt got his nickname "Commodore" being in command of the largest schooner on the Hudson River. By 1817 he possessed $9,000 in addition to the interest in the sailing vessels. Well on the way to fame and fortune, Vanderbilt sold his interests and turned his attention to steamboats in 1818, observing the success of Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston on the Hudson River. He went under the employ of Thomas Gibbons, operating a ferry service between New Brunswick, New Jersey and New York City, which was an important link in the New York-Philadelphia freight, mail, and passenger route. He charged his customers one dollar while other captains charged four dollars for the same trip. There was opposition from Fulton and Livingston, who claimed Vanderbilt was breaking the law as they had a legal monopoly on Hudson River traffic. They sued Gibbons, and the case reached the Supreme Court. In the famous 1824 decision, Gibbo... Free Essays on Vanderbilt Family Free Essays on Vanderbilt Family Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794-January 4, 1877) was an American steamship and railroad builder, executive, financier, and promoter. He was a man of boundless energy, and his acute business sense enabled him to outmaneuver his rivals. He left an estate of almost $100 million. Vanderbilt was born to a poor family and quit school at the age of 11 to work for his father who was engaged in boating. When he turned 16 he persuaded his mother to give him $100 loan for a boat to start his first business. He opened a transport and freight service between New York City and Staten Island for eighteen cents a trip. He repaid the loan after the first year with an additional $1,000. He was rough in manners and developed a reputation for honesty. He charged reasonable prices and worked prodigiously. The War of 1812 created new opportunities for expansion, and Vanderbilt received a government contract to supply the forts around New York. Large profits allowed him to build a schooner and two other vessels for coastal trade. Vanderbilt got his nickname "Commodore" being in command of the largest schooner on the Hudson River. By 1817 he possessed $9,000 in addition to the interest in the sailing vessels. Well on the way to fame and fortune, Vanderbilt sold his interests and turned his attention to steamboats in 1818, observing the success of Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston on the Hudson River. He went under the employ of Thomas Gibbons, operating a ferry service between New Brunswick, New Jersey and New York City, which was an important link in the New York-Philadelphia freight, mail, and passenger route. He charged his customers one dollar while other captains charged four dollars for the same trip. There was opposition from Fulton and Livingston, who claimed Vanderbilt was breaking the law as they had a legal monopoly on Hudson River traffic. They sued Gibbons, and the case reached the Supreme Court. In the famous 1824 decision, Gibbo...

Benefits of Cloud Computing The WritePass Journal

Benefits of Cloud Computing What is the cloud computing? Benefits of Cloud Computing What is the cloud computing?BenefitsBibliographyRelated What is the cloud computing? Cloud computing is using information technology services outside of your business to support either your entire information technology requirement and needs or just part of it. These services like web hosting are given to users and businesses for a price that it agreed between both parties. This can consist of using cloud storage for data, cloud application hosting and many more, cloud computing allows for a greater pool of resources, hardware and software without the need of the company investing in its infrastructure. Miller (2008) states that ‘the definition of cloud computing is the â€Å"cloud† itself. For our purposes, the cloud is a large group of interconnected computers. These can be personal computers or network servers; they can be public or private.’ Benefits Cloud computing has many benefits such as low cost computers can be used by the user/users to run cloud web-based software and the software itself requires little computer resources. The main bulk of the processing power, disk space and other computer resources that modern software requires are available in the cloud therefore not needed by the user. The cloud also offers the users the ability to have exact specifications of hardware/software to suit the user’s requirements which saves the users money. Better performance on the user’s desktop computers will also be an added benefit as the cloud computer systems will be running the main bulk of the hardware intensive software and the desktop will be free to deal with applications that do not require   lots of computer resources. Lower IT infrastructure costs internally will be another added benefit as the cloud will be dealing with the main bulk of the resources needed meaning fewer servers and computing power internally. Lower software costs will benefit the company, instead of having the software installed on every machine which mean paying for a licence for each machine. The software can be installed on the cloud and every staff member that needs the   software can access the cloud and use it from any of the machine once authorised, this also adds the extra benefit of security by only allowing certain user names and password to have access to the certain parts of the cloud and the software itself. Update efficiency will be easier in the cloud as once you update the software in the cloud every machines that then accesses the cloud will have access to the newest version of the software instead of updating each machines software which saves time and staff labour Few maintenance issues will arise both hardware and software as the hardware and software will be based externally, let’s take hardware for instance with a lower amount of servers internally and   the main bulk of the servers externally doing the processing the maintenance costs will be dramatically decreased and with the software staff will not need to be on hard maintain the software if anything goes wrong as the cloud will have their own staff checking the software is working at its most efficient. Increased computing power Bibliography MILLER, M. Cloud Computing – Web-Based Applications That Change the Way You Work and Collaborate Online. United States of America. Que Publishing. 2008.

Individual projects- movie review or consumption Journal Essay

Individual projects- movie review or consumption Journal - Essay Example The film reaches two important conclusions. First, it will take a lot of time and effort to come out of the energy crisis. The problem can not be solved quickly. Secondly, people doing their bit on individual level would hardly ever manage to make any difference. In order to take solid steps towards the solution of this problem, collective effort needs to be made on national as well as international level. Survival is only possible if Earth contains sufficient resources to meet the needs of humans. In order to make sure it does, we had better become serious! I like that images in this movie have been chosen to intensify the alarming mood of the movie. While talking of massive fuel consumption, the clip shows dial machine with numbers rolling up too fast to be readable followed by a picture of the roads crowded with traffic. What I don’t like about the movie is that occasionally, voice of the speaker merges with the background effects and the audience can not clearly listen. I disagree with the statement made in the movie that â€Å"no amount of solar or wind or even nuclear is gonna allow us to continue living this way of life† (â€Å"The End of Suburbia†). I disagree with this statement for two reasons.

Discuss the changes to the American presidency during the terms of Essay

Discuss the changes to the American presidency during the terms of Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson - Essay Example The question is that since the Civil War through the very start of the twentieth century, the US Congress was the ultimate bearer of the seat of power (Miller Center 1). Thus, his expansion of the power was a focal point of his presidency. It was an enormous change in the democratic practice of the United States making the President the main figure fulfilled with the governmental power. Roosevelt is also well-known for his progressivism in dealing with the business and political structures throughout the country. His zeal toward reformation of the US performance in the world arena made him an outspoken peacemaker, as he negotiated on the Russo-Japanese end of war and was awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize respectively (Benson 7). However, another great contribution of Roosevelt is his devotion to the nature. In this respect he was driven by the need to conserve the natural resources as the most precious thing of the human-centered environment admitting the following statement:  "As I have said elsewhere, conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve this problem it will avail little to solve all others† (Cited in Benson 7). ... Being a follower of Roosevelt’s course of reforms, he took the lesson of peaceful manifestation on the part of the US government toward the nation and to the world on the whole. By the way, he initiated the adoption of the Civil-Service Reform which will â€Å"secure a larger wisdom in the adoption of policies† (Taft 131). It was really crucial for giving the nation a â€Å"refreshed† breath of air. Along with the strengthening of the Interstate Commerce Commission, he established Postal Savings Bank System (Taft 131). Thus, he paid more attention to the financial and consumer-related issues throughout the country. Moreover, due to his efforts to somehow relieve the taxation policies in the country, he could improve on the creation of the Sixteenth Amendment which â€Å"authorized the collection of federal income taxes, which could be collected largely from the wealthy† (Armstrong 187). It was a trust-busting progressive hit against the former tariff-cente red income taxes policy. Thus, in his progressive looks at the national economy, Taft was a peculiar follower of Roosevelt regarding the political line of the Republican Party and the improvement of the presidential seat as the most powerful executive body in the country. To say more, in the foreign policy, Taft provided the policy of â€Å"Dollar Diplomacy† increasing the development of underdeveloped countries in Latin America and Asia by favoring â€Å"increased American investment in the world as the major method for increasing American influence and stability abroad† (Armstrong 379). Hence, it made Taft a progressive initiator of the American dominance in the world. Woodrow Wilson Woodrow

Education of the filipino Essay Example for Free

Education of the filipino Essay ?According to the article, it seems that foreigners, especially the Americans influence us in a lot of different ways. They influence us in terms of speech, sense of style and clothing, food we eat, the movies we watch and even how we think and decide. And for that, I can say that our minds are somewhat manipulated by the Western culture and thus, we think and act as if we were like them. Where is the modern day Crisostomo Ibarra and Maria Clara who took their stand for the traditional way of living? Where are the people who care enough to preserve our culture and tradition? I agree with Renato Constantinos statement in which I would quote Education is a vital weapon of people striving for economic emancipation, political independence and cultural renascence. One must be aware of the countrys problems, understand the solution and be caring and courageous enough to work and sacrifice for our countrys salvation. We Filipinos must work hand in hand to achieve one goal. In my opinion, many Pinoys want the Philippines to be an American state because for them, lying in independence could mean poverty. Hopeless and grim as it may seem. For me, its not just the government and the system that has problem here, its the people and their manners plus attitude. It is also said that the most effective way of subjugating people is to capture their minds. In doing so, we are tricked into doing or being someone we are unlikely to be and some of our beliefs and stand can be swayed by such illusions of freedom to express. As long as feelings of resistance remain in the hearts of the vanquished, no conqueror is secure and as long as we are strong and sure of ourselves, we can avoid being swayed by others. The Filipinos mentality sometimes just escapes me. Many are bias and many are just plain jealous of the fact that Filipinos can be smart too. A lot cant still accept that fact. On the other hand, there are several weak beings that move beside the authorized person holding the power against them or what we call puppets. The American culture has been a part of the Filipinos lives. But despite of that I believe that we must preserve our resources and Filipino values to an extent. The fact still remains that these people are in a conquered nation whose national life had to be woven into the pattern of American dominance. The drawback is that we still rely on first world countries such as the United States for support financially and economically. Absurd as it may sound but the truth remains that we are poor and we need them to survive. A classic example would be us students most especially those taking up Nursing. We are struggling hard to finish this course because of its demands abroad. Many are aiming to seek for better job opportunities abroad. I would be lying if I say that I am taking up Nursing because I want to serve my country, but who doesnt want a brighter future? Now wheres my sense of nationalism? I say Im just being practical. Its much better to accept the fact that we, Filipinos are diverse in culture and language as well as our way of thinking because we have been influenced by so many cultures internally and externally. It is true that education will bring emancipation and the right education will broaden our perspective and hopefully, appreciate and capitalize on the diversity to propel us forward.

Blue Stragglers :: essays research papers

Blue Stragglers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scientists have recently found that odd stars known, as â€Å"blue stragglers† may be the product of collision between two, and possibly more, older stars. This may result in finding out a 50 year-old mystery of the blue stragglers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even in â€Å"dense† areas stars a typically billions, if not, trillions, of miles apart. But stars may have the occasional chance to collide in global clusters, which are dense groupings of up to a million stars wit tightly packed cores. Some global clusters are among the oldest structures in the universe, about 15 billion years old, all the stars in the clusters are known as red giants that have puffed up to there outermost atmospheres. In these clusters the presence of blue stragglers have baffled astronomers since the 1950’s. Each of these stars less than a billion years old.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientist recently realized that the collision of the older stars in the clusters could merge together to form one young one. Because of the stars mass a color determining the age of the star. Red being cool, blue being hot. Heavy stars burning fast, lighter stars undergoing a slow burn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blue stragglers appear to be formed by the collision of stars known as main sequence turnoff stars. These are stars that have reached the end of their lives and are about to become red giants. Four of the Five blue stragglers examined were just the mass the astronomers expected had two stars collided. The fifth was so much heavier than expected that Saffer, C. Rex, of Villanova University, suspects that three or more stars collided from it. When astronomers have made a computer model, and one scenario is that a lighter star crashes into a heavier one at 500,000 miles per hour, leaving behind a huge wake. Then buries itself at the core of the larger star, setting up massive shock waves on the star’s surface. The newly formed, combined star can take anywhere from hundered of thousands of years to ten million years to settle down into a new, stable star.

Punjabi Culture

Culture: The word culture  has many different meanings. For some it refers to an appreciation of good literature, music, art, and food  However, for anthropologists and other behavioral scientists,  culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns. The term was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book,  Primitive Culture,  published in 1871. Tylor said that culture is â€Å"that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.    Of course, it is not limited to men. Women possess and create it as well. Since Tylor's time, the concept of culture has become the central focus of anthropology. Culture is a powerful human tool for survival, but it is a fragile phenomenon. It is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. Our written languages, governments, buildings, and other man-made t hings are merely the products of culture. They are not culture in themselves. For this reason,  archeologist can not dig up culture directly in their excavations.The broken pots and other artifacts of ancient people that they uncover are only material remains that reflect cultural patterns they are things that were made and used through cultural knowledge and skills. Pakistani culture: Pakistan has a rich cultural diversity as the society is largely multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural. The Pakistani society comprises various diverse cultures and ethnic communities that majorly involve Punjabi, Sindhi, Baloch, Pashtun, Seraiki, Mohair, Kashmiri, Makrani, and the ancient Wakhi and Burusho groups in the north.These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures, such as the  Turkic people,  Persian, Arab and other   South Asian ethnic Asian group of the  Subcontinent,  Central Asia and the Middle East. Pakistan is in general linguistically heterogeneous, and no single language can be said to be common to the whole population. Each of its principal languages has a strong regional focus. The languages claimed as mother tongue include Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Seraiki, Kashmiri, Brahui, Hindko and Potohohari.Urdu is the national language and one of two official languages of Pakistan (the other being English). Although only about 8% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is spoken as a second and often third language by almost all citizens of Pakistan. Pakistan is a special interest destination as its main attraction includes adventure tourism in the Northern Areas, cultural and archaeological tourism as found at Taxila, Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Swat, and early Mughal and Muslim heritage of Multan, Lahore, Thatta and Peshawar.From the mighty Karakorams in the North to the vast alluvial delta of the Indus River in the South, Pakistan remains a land full of adventures and na tural beauties having peaceful general masses. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages continuing the legacy. Poetry is a highly respected art in Pakistan. Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is mostly written in the Urdu as well as regional languages. The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry and Dr.Allama Muhammad Iqbal is regarded as the National Poet of Pakistan. Apart from Urdu poetry, Pakistani poetry also has blends of other regional languages. Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Seraiki, and Pashto poetry have all incorporated and influenced Pakistani poetry. The variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayeki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the synchronization of Qawwali and western music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan .In addition, Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well-known in the Indian Punjab. Folk dances are still popular in Pakistan and they vary according to region. The folk dances of Punjab are Bhangra, Luddi and Sammi, while Jhoomar is the folk dance of Seraiki region. Lewa and Chap are the most popular folk dances of Balochistan. The folk dances of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are Attan, Khattak dance and Chitrali dance. While Dhammal and Ho Jamalo are the popular folk dances mostly performed in Sindh. |Although Western-style clothing is worn in Pakistan, the national dress, shalwar-qameez, is more common in both rural and urban areas. Made of cotton, the shalwar-qameez differs for men and women. Men wear solid, plain colour, and add a coat for formal occasions. For women, the colours are brighter and patterns bolder, with more tailoring common. Women wear a dupatta (scarf) around their heads and sometimes another long scarf around their shoulde rs. Men only wear shorts for athletic events and women never do. A handshake is the most common greeting, although close friends may embrace if meeting after a long time.It is not appropriate for a man to shake hands with a woman. A title and last name are used when addressing someone. Visiting between friends and relatives is a very important social custom and occurs as often as possible. Hospitality is important and guests are made to feel welcome. In small groups, each person is greeted individually. Personal rapport is important. The family is the centre of social life and support. Although increased modernisation has brought many women into public life, the male continues to reign as head of the home.It is common for the extended family, a father and mother, their sons, and the son’s family to live together in the same household. The presiding male of the family has significant influence over the lives of all family members, although women are increasingly taking on acti ve decision making roles. The elderly are highly respected. Pakistani cuisine is as diverse as its people. Pakistani diet, whereas vegetables and beans are as important. The mainstay of the Pakistani diet is chapati or roti. Pakistani food is generally hot and spicy.Rice is part of most meals and desserts. Tea is the most popular drink. Meat plays a much more dominant role in Pakistani food, compared to other South Asian cuisines. Of all the meats, the most popular are mutton, and chicken. Beef is also eaten, and is particularly sought after as the meat of choice for Kabab dishes. Punjabi culture: Punjabi Culture  is the culture of the  Punjab region. It is one of the oldest in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi culture is the culture of the  Punjabi people  who are now distributed hroughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history. Due to the large number of Punjabi People distributed throughout the world, especially  Pakistan  and  India, many people are increasingly experiencing the culture and becoming influenced by it. Traditional Punjabi culture is being strengthened and expanded in the  Western world. the scope is huge, ranging from Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, architecture etc. People of different languages, cultures, customs and races came to Punjab for various reasons. These immigrants influenced and were influenced by Punjabi culture. Punjabi Literature Punjabi literature  refers to literary works written in the  Punjabi language  particularly by peoples from the historical  Punjab region. The Punjabi language is written in several different scripts, of which the  Shahmukhi, the  Gurmukhi  script s are the most commonly used.The early punjabi literature whereabouts can be seen in the sufi poetry of Fariduddin Ganjshakar. After which Punjabi Sufi poetry developed under  Shah Hussain  Sultan Bahu  ,Shah Sharaf, Ali Haider, Saleh muhammad safoori   and  Bulleh Shah  . In contrast to Persian poets, who had preferred the  ghazal  for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the  Kafi. Punjabi Poetry is renowned for its deep meaning, beautiful, exciting and hopeful use of words. The large number of Punjabi poetry works are being translated worldwide in many languages.The  Punjabi language  is also famous for its rich literature of  qisse, most of the which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man’s revolt against a larger system. In the Punjabi tradition, friendship, loyalty, love are given utmost importance and most of the stories in the  qisse  are based on such elements. Waris Shah's qissaà ‚  of ‘Heer Ranjha’ is among the most famous Qisse of all times which is one of the four popular tragic romances of Punjab. The other three are Mirza Sahiba,  Sassi Punnun  and  Sohni Mahiwal The most popular writer/poet to have writtenPunjabi Sufi  Qisse  was  Bulleh Shah. He is frequently quoted by young and old alike with same respect and on matters of both love and God. Punjabi Architecture Punjabi architecture is the feast for eyes. Punjab is bestowed with worth seeing architecture all around. The oldest examples of architecture sculpture and painting in the Punjab belong to the Harappa civilization. The breathtaking architecture include: * Badshahi Mosque is a famous landmark and a major tourist attraction. Badshai masjid was built by sixth mughal emperor Aurengzeb in 1671 and completed in 1673.It is the second largest masjid in Pakistan and fifth largest in the world. * Taxila  is a town and an important  archaeological  site in the  District of the  Punjab  province in  Pakistan. The site includes buildings, fortifications, settlements, showing architectural influence. * The  Wazir Khan Mosque  in  Lahore,  Pakistan, is famous for its extensive faience  tile work. It has been described as ‘a mole on the cheek of Lahore'. It was built in seven years, starting around 1634–1635 AD, during the reign of the  Mughal Emperor  Shah Jehan. Rohtas Fort  is a historical garrison fort built by king  Farid Khan, located near the city of Jhelum  in  Pakistan. This fort is about 4  km in circumference and the first example of the successful amalgamation of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the  Indian Subcontinent. * The  Khewra Salt Mine  is located in  Khewra, north of  Pind Dadan Khan, an administrative subdivision of  Jhelum District,  Punjab, Pakistan. It is Pakistan's largest and oldest salt mine  and the world's second largest. It is a major tourist attraction. Punjab a rts and craftPunjab has a rich tradition of arts and crafts. The richness of the land is reflected in its handicraft. The people of Punjab lay much importance on their artistry and the minute details of their work. The artistic creations of Punjab are acclaimed all over the world. The skilled and dexterous artisans of the state produce a variety of handicrafts and even the rural women have a major contribution in the production of these fascinating art works. Mud work Mud work is a famous rural practice in Punjab, prevalent from the ancient times.It is a trend in Punjab to mud-plaster the walls of the house and then, create motifs and designs on the mudded walls. Metal work Metalwork is also very popular in Punjab. Utensils made of metals are used in households, as also for religious purposes. Basketry work Thin straws of glass are used for basketry works, which is another Punjabi craft that is immensely popular. Mats, rugs, carpets, curtains and hand fans are woven using these stra ws. Embroidery Embroidery is another extensively followed work of art, known in the state by various local names.Phulkari, an intricate needle work, is extremely popular and is mainly taken up by village girls. Juttis of Punjab Punjabi juttis represent the traditional footwear of Punjab, which is known worldwide for its exquisite design and intricate pattern. Punjab festivals Punjab is well known for its festivals which include: Urs The fairs held at the shrines of  Sufi  saints are called  urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint.Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in The most important urs are: urs of Data  Ganj Buksh  at  Lahore, urs of Hazrat  Sultan Bahu  at  Jhang, urs of Hazrat  Shah Jewna  at  Jhang, urs of Hazrat  Mian Mir  at Lahore, urs of  Baba Farid  Ganj Shakar at  Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat  Bahaudin Zakria   at  Multan, urs of  Sakhi Sarwar Sultan  at  Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of  Shah Hussain  at Lahore, urs of Hazrat  Bulleh Shah  at  Kasur, urs of Hazrat  Imam Bari  (Bari Shah Latif) at  Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of  Shah Inayar Qadri  (the murrshad of  Bulleh Shah) in Lahore.A big fair/mela is organized at  Jandiala Sher Khan  in district  Sheikhupura  on the Mausoleum of Syed  Waris Shah  who is the most loved Sufi poet of Punjab due to his claasic work known as  Heer Ranjha. The shrine of  Heer Ranjha  in  Jhang  has been one of the most visited shrines in Punjabecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. Industrial and commercial fairs Exhibitions and Annual Horse Shows in all Districts and National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore are held with the official patronage.National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sp orts, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronizes agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the Province with its strong rural roots. Other festivals In addition to the religious festivals, Punjabis may celebrate seasonal and harvest festivals, which include  Lohri,  Basant,Baisakhi  and  Teej. Punjabi Cuisine:Punjabi cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field; so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large fortunes due to popularity of Punjabi cuisine throughout the world. †Sarso ka sag† and â€Å"Maki ki roti† are examples of well known dishes. Punjabi cuisine can be non-vegetarian or completely vegetarian. Home cooked and Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly, with restaurant style using large amount of ghee, clari fied butter, with home cooking concentrating on mainly upon preparations with whole wheat, rice and other ingredients flavored with masala.Within the Punjab region, there are different preferences. People in the area of Lahore prefer stuffed parathas and milk products. In fact, the area is well known for quality of its milk products. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic and ginger. Tandoori food is a Punjabi specialty for non-vegetarian dishes. Tandoor, Naan, Pakoras and vegetable dishes with paneer are also derived from Punjab. Punjabi Music: Bhangra is of the many Punjabi art forms that is increasingly being listened to in the west and is becoming a mainstream favorite.Punjabi music is being used by western musicians, in many ways, such as mixing it with other compositions to produce award-winning music. In addition, Punjabi Classical music is increasingly becoming popular in the west. Punjabi music has a diverse style of music, ranging from folk and Sufi to classical, notably the Patiala Gharana. Folk music of Punjab is the traditional music of Punjab produced using the traditional instruments like Tumbi, Algoze, Dhadd, Sarangi, Chimta and more. Sufi music includes the singing of Sufi poetry in several genres.Some of the poets whose compositions are often sung include Baba Farid, Bulleh Shah, Shah Husain, Waris Shah and Mian Muhammad Bakhsh. Classical music includes Patiala Gharana and Sham Chaurasia Gharana. Punjabi Dances: Owing to the long history of the Punjabi culture there is a large number of dances, normally performed at times of celebration, including harvests, festivals and wedding. The particular background of the dances can be non-religious and religious. The overall style can range from the high energy â€Å"Bhangra† men’s dance to the more reserved â€Å"Jhumar†, the â€Å"Gidha† women’s dance.Punjabi dances are an array of folk and religious dances of the Punjabi people indigenous to t he Punjabi religion, straddling the border of India and Pakistan. At times of celebration everyone is encouraged to dance. Married Punjabi couples usually dance together. The husband dances in the style of male Punjabi dances, frequently with arms raised and the wife dances in the style of female Punjabi dances. Common Punjabi Folk Dances for â€Å"Females†: * Sammi * Giddha * Jaago * Kikli * Luddi Common Punjabi Dances for â€Å"Males†: * Bhangra * Jhumar * Gatka * Jalli * Dhamal * Dankara Khatka (Sword Dance) Punjabi Clothes: Basically Punjabi dress is simple and easy to use. One can see a variety in the dresses. The people of Punjab wear according to their traditions. Different dresses are used in rural and urban areas. The Punjabi dresses fulfill the requirements of climate and religion. Turban or a cap is a part of Punjabi dress. The male members of the rural society wear Dhoti, Kurta and Turban. The female members like to wear Shalwar, Kurta and Dupatta both in rural and urban areas. Shalwar, shirt, coat and pant are used in the urban areas by the men. The â€Å"Western† dress has greatly influenced the urban areas.The dress is prepared to fulfill the requirements of â€Å"pardah†. Special dress is prepared f or the bride at the time of her marriage. Punjabi wedding Traditions: Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains may be conducted in Arabic, Punjabi, Sanskrit, by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. Punjabi Culture Culture: The word culture  has many different meanings. For some it refers to an appreciation of good literature, music, art, and food  However, for anthropologists and other behavioral scientists,  culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns. The term was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book,  Primitive Culture,  published in 1871. Tylor said that culture is â€Å"that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.    Of course, it is not limited to men. Women possess and create it as well. Since Tylor's time, the concept of culture has become the central focus of anthropology. Culture is a powerful human tool for survival, but it is a fragile phenomenon. It is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. Our written languages, governments, buildings, and other man-made t hings are merely the products of culture. They are not culture in themselves. For this reason,  archeologist can not dig up culture directly in their excavations.The broken pots and other artifacts of ancient people that they uncover are only material remains that reflect cultural patterns they are things that were made and used through cultural knowledge and skills. Pakistani culture: Pakistan has a rich cultural diversity as the society is largely multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural. The Pakistani society comprises various diverse cultures and ethnic communities that majorly involve Punjabi, Sindhi, Baloch, Pashtun, Seraiki, Mohair, Kashmiri, Makrani, and the ancient Wakhi and Burusho groups in the north.These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures, such as the  Turkic people,  Persian, Arab and other   South Asian ethnic Asian group of the  Subcontinent,  Central Asia and the Middle East. Pakistan is in general linguistically heterogeneous, and no single language can be said to be common to the whole population. Each of its principal languages has a strong regional focus. The languages claimed as mother tongue include Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Seraiki, Kashmiri, Brahui, Hindko and Potohohari.Urdu is the national language and one of two official languages of Pakistan (the other being English). Although only about 8% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is spoken as a second and often third language by almost all citizens of Pakistan. Pakistan is a special interest destination as its main attraction includes adventure tourism in the Northern Areas, cultural and archaeological tourism as found at Taxila, Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Swat, and early Mughal and Muslim heritage of Multan, Lahore, Thatta and Peshawar.From the mighty Karakorams in the North to the vast alluvial delta of the Indus River in the South, Pakistan remains a land full of adventures and na tural beauties having peaceful general masses. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages continuing the legacy. Poetry is a highly respected art in Pakistan. Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is mostly written in the Urdu as well as regional languages. The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry and Dr.Allama Muhammad Iqbal is regarded as the National Poet of Pakistan. Apart from Urdu poetry, Pakistani poetry also has blends of other regional languages. Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Seraiki, and Pashto poetry have all incorporated and influenced Pakistani poetry. The variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayeki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the synchronization of Qawwali and western music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan .In addition, Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well-known in the Indian Punjab. Folk dances are still popular in Pakistan and they vary according to region. The folk dances of Punjab are Bhangra, Luddi and Sammi, while Jhoomar is the folk dance of Seraiki region. Lewa and Chap are the most popular folk dances of Balochistan. The folk dances of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are Attan, Khattak dance and Chitrali dance. While Dhammal and Ho Jamalo are the popular folk dances mostly performed in Sindh. |Although Western-style clothing is worn in Pakistan, the national dress, shalwar-qameez, is more common in both rural and urban areas. Made of cotton, the shalwar-qameez differs for men and women. Men wear solid, plain colour, and add a coat for formal occasions. For women, the colours are brighter and patterns bolder, with more tailoring common. Women wear a dupatta (scarf) around their heads and sometimes another long scarf around their shoulde rs. Men only wear shorts for athletic events and women never do. A handshake is the most common greeting, although close friends may embrace if meeting after a long time.It is not appropriate for a man to shake hands with a woman. A title and last name are used when addressing someone. Visiting between friends and relatives is a very important social custom and occurs as often as possible. Hospitality is important and guests are made to feel welcome. In small groups, each person is greeted individually. Personal rapport is important. The family is the centre of social life and support. Although increased modernisation has brought many women into public life, the male continues to reign as head of the home.It is common for the extended family, a father and mother, their sons, and the son’s family to live together in the same household. The presiding male of the family has significant influence over the lives of all family members, although women are increasingly taking on acti ve decision making roles. The elderly are highly respected. Pakistani cuisine is as diverse as its people. Pakistani diet, whereas vegetables and beans are as important. The mainstay of the Pakistani diet is chapati or roti. Pakistani food is generally hot and spicy.Rice is part of most meals and desserts. Tea is the most popular drink. Meat plays a much more dominant role in Pakistani food, compared to other South Asian cuisines. Of all the meats, the most popular are mutton, and chicken. Beef is also eaten, and is particularly sought after as the meat of choice for Kabab dishes. Punjabi culture: Punjabi Culture  is the culture of the  Punjab region. It is one of the oldest in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi culture is the culture of the  Punjabi people  who are now distributed hroughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history. Due to the large number of Punjabi People distributed throughout the world, especially  Pakistan  and  India, many people are increasingly experiencing the culture and becoming influenced by it. Traditional Punjabi culture is being strengthened and expanded in the  Western world. the scope is huge, ranging from Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, architecture etc. People of different languages, cultures, customs and races came to Punjab for various reasons. These immigrants influenced and were influenced by Punjabi culture. Punjabi Literature Punjabi literature  refers to literary works written in the  Punjabi language  particularly by peoples from the historical  Punjab region. The Punjabi language is written in several different scripts, of which the  Shahmukhi, the  Gurmukhi  script s are the most commonly used.The early punjabi literature whereabouts can be seen in the sufi poetry of Fariduddin Ganjshakar. After which Punjabi Sufi poetry developed under  Shah Hussain  Sultan Bahu  ,Shah Sharaf, Ali Haider, Saleh muhammad safoori   and  Bulleh Shah  . In contrast to Persian poets, who had preferred the  ghazal  for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the  Kafi. Punjabi Poetry is renowned for its deep meaning, beautiful, exciting and hopeful use of words. The large number of Punjabi poetry works are being translated worldwide in many languages.The  Punjabi language  is also famous for its rich literature of  qisse, most of the which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man’s revolt against a larger system. In the Punjabi tradition, friendship, loyalty, love are given utmost importance and most of the stories in the  qisse  are based on such elements. Waris Shah's qissaà ‚  of ‘Heer Ranjha’ is among the most famous Qisse of all times which is one of the four popular tragic romances of Punjab. The other three are Mirza Sahiba,  Sassi Punnun  and  Sohni Mahiwal The most popular writer/poet to have writtenPunjabi Sufi  Qisse  was  Bulleh Shah. He is frequently quoted by young and old alike with same respect and on matters of both love and God. Punjabi Architecture Punjabi architecture is the feast for eyes. Punjab is bestowed with worth seeing architecture all around. The oldest examples of architecture sculpture and painting in the Punjab belong to the Harappa civilization. The breathtaking architecture include: * Badshahi Mosque is a famous landmark and a major tourist attraction. Badshai masjid was built by sixth mughal emperor Aurengzeb in 1671 and completed in 1673.It is the second largest masjid in Pakistan and fifth largest in the world. * Taxila  is a town and an important  archaeological  site in the  District of the  Punjab  province in  Pakistan. The site includes buildings, fortifications, settlements, showing architectural influence. * The  Wazir Khan Mosque  in  Lahore,  Pakistan, is famous for its extensive faience  tile work. It has been described as ‘a mole on the cheek of Lahore'. It was built in seven years, starting around 1634–1635 AD, during the reign of the  Mughal Emperor  Shah Jehan. Rohtas Fort  is a historical garrison fort built by king  Farid Khan, located near the city of Jhelum  in  Pakistan. This fort is about 4  km in circumference and the first example of the successful amalgamation of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the  Indian Subcontinent. * The  Khewra Salt Mine  is located in  Khewra, north of  Pind Dadan Khan, an administrative subdivision of  Jhelum District,  Punjab, Pakistan. It is Pakistan's largest and oldest salt mine  and the world's second largest. It is a major tourist attraction. Punjab a rts and craftPunjab has a rich tradition of arts and crafts. The richness of the land is reflected in its handicraft. The people of Punjab lay much importance on their artistry and the minute details of their work. The artistic creations of Punjab are acclaimed all over the world. The skilled and dexterous artisans of the state produce a variety of handicrafts and even the rural women have a major contribution in the production of these fascinating art works. Mud work Mud work is a famous rural practice in Punjab, prevalent from the ancient times.It is a trend in Punjab to mud-plaster the walls of the house and then, create motifs and designs on the mudded walls. Metal work Metalwork is also very popular in Punjab. Utensils made of metals are used in households, as also for religious purposes. Basketry work Thin straws of glass are used for basketry works, which is another Punjabi craft that is immensely popular. Mats, rugs, carpets, curtains and hand fans are woven using these stra ws. Embroidery Embroidery is another extensively followed work of art, known in the state by various local names.Phulkari, an intricate needle work, is extremely popular and is mainly taken up by village girls. Juttis of Punjab Punjabi juttis represent the traditional footwear of Punjab, which is known worldwide for its exquisite design and intricate pattern. Punjab festivals Punjab is well known for its festivals which include: Urs The fairs held at the shrines of  Sufi  saints are called  urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint.Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in The most important urs are: urs of Data  Ganj Buksh  at  Lahore, urs of Hazrat  Sultan Bahu  at  Jhang, urs of Hazrat  Shah Jewna  at  Jhang, urs of Hazrat  Mian Mir  at Lahore, urs of  Baba Farid  Ganj Shakar at  Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat  Bahaudin Zakria   at  Multan, urs of  Sakhi Sarwar Sultan  at  Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of  Shah Hussain  at Lahore, urs of Hazrat  Bulleh Shah  at  Kasur, urs of Hazrat  Imam Bari  (Bari Shah Latif) at  Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of  Shah Inayar Qadri  (the murrshad of  Bulleh Shah) in Lahore.A big fair/mela is organized at  Jandiala Sher Khan  in district  Sheikhupura  on the Mausoleum of Syed  Waris Shah  who is the most loved Sufi poet of Punjab due to his claasic work known as  Heer Ranjha. The shrine of  Heer Ranjha  in  Jhang  has been one of the most visited shrines in Punjabecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. Industrial and commercial fairs Exhibitions and Annual Horse Shows in all Districts and National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore are held with the official patronage.National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sp orts, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronizes agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the Province with its strong rural roots. Other festivals In addition to the religious festivals, Punjabis may celebrate seasonal and harvest festivals, which include  Lohri,  Basant,Baisakhi  and  Teej. Punjabi Cuisine:Punjabi cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field; so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large fortunes due to popularity of Punjabi cuisine throughout the world. †Sarso ka sag† and â€Å"Maki ki roti† are examples of well known dishes. Punjabi cuisine can be non-vegetarian or completely vegetarian. Home cooked and Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly, with restaurant style using large amount of ghee, clari fied butter, with home cooking concentrating on mainly upon preparations with whole wheat, rice and other ingredients flavored with masala.Within the Punjab region, there are different preferences. People in the area of Lahore prefer stuffed parathas and milk products. In fact, the area is well known for quality of its milk products. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic and ginger. Tandoori food is a Punjabi specialty for non-vegetarian dishes. Tandoor, Naan, Pakoras and vegetable dishes with paneer are also derived from Punjab. Punjabi Music: Bhangra is of the many Punjabi art forms that is increasingly being listened to in the west and is becoming a mainstream favorite.Punjabi music is being used by western musicians, in many ways, such as mixing it with other compositions to produce award-winning music. In addition, Punjabi Classical music is increasingly becoming popular in the west. Punjabi music has a diverse style of music, ranging from folk and Sufi to classical, notably the Patiala Gharana. Folk music of Punjab is the traditional music of Punjab produced using the traditional instruments like Tumbi, Algoze, Dhadd, Sarangi, Chimta and more. Sufi music includes the singing of Sufi poetry in several genres.Some of the poets whose compositions are often sung include Baba Farid, Bulleh Shah, Shah Husain, Waris Shah and Mian Muhammad Bakhsh. Classical music includes Patiala Gharana and Sham Chaurasia Gharana. Punjabi Dances: Owing to the long history of the Punjabi culture there is a large number of dances, normally performed at times of celebration, including harvests, festivals and wedding. The particular background of the dances can be non-religious and religious. The overall style can range from the high energy â€Å"Bhangra† men’s dance to the more reserved â€Å"Jhumar†, the â€Å"Gidha† women’s dance.Punjabi dances are an array of folk and religious dances of the Punjabi people indigenous to t he Punjabi religion, straddling the border of India and Pakistan. At times of celebration everyone is encouraged to dance. Married Punjabi couples usually dance together. The husband dances in the style of male Punjabi dances, frequently with arms raised and the wife dances in the style of female Punjabi dances. Common Punjabi Folk Dances for â€Å"Females†: * Sammi * Giddha * Jaago * Kikli * Luddi Common Punjabi Dances for â€Å"Males†: * Bhangra * Jhumar * Gatka * Jalli * Dhamal * Dankara Khatka (Sword Dance) Punjabi Clothes: Basically Punjabi dress is simple and easy to use. One can see a variety in the dresses. The people of Punjab wear according to their traditions. Different dresses are used in rural and urban areas. The Punjabi dresses fulfill the requirements of climate and religion. Turban or a cap is a part of Punjabi dress. The male members of the rural society wear Dhoti, Kurta and Turban. The female members like to wear Shalwar, Kurta and Dupatta both in rural and urban areas. Shalwar, shirt, coat and pant are used in the urban areas by the men. The â€Å"Western† dress has greatly influenced the urban areas.The dress is prepared to fulfill the requirements of â€Å"pardah†. Special dress is prepared f or the bride at the time of her marriage. Punjabi wedding Traditions: Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains may be conducted in Arabic, Punjabi, Sanskrit, by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times.

Air Asia Essay

1.Threat of new Entrants The extent of barriers to entry depends on the strength of- i)Customer has little brand loyalty. If consumers of Airasia do not have brand loyalty, then the strength of the threat of new entrants is very high. The high numbers of competitors in the industry also decrease Airasia’s customer loyalty. Most of the travelers prefer low cost. New competitors which want to come in the industry have to spend little to compete with Airasia. ii)High capital requirement. The industry of airline needs large volume of start-up capital. The cost of setting up of offices, buying or leasing aircraft, hiring pilots and other staffs like air stewardess and etc incur a high start-up cost. Thus, the threat is low for Airasia. iii)Different product offered. Airasia offers different product compared to other competitors in Asia like Bangkok Airways, Tiger Airways, and Air Philippines. Other than the passenger sales ticket, Airasia also include holiday packages which is affordable around Asia. Airasia has good connection with hotels and tourism companies around Asia, which it is hard for new competitors to compete. iv)Low switching costs. Customers do not need to spend more on switching to another airline. The price would not be very significant in differences, which it depends on the availability of competitor’s services and suitability of the flight time that prompts them to switch. v)Moderate access to distribution channel. Airasia is the first airline company to enable customer book and purchase air tickets online in Malaysia. This makes its website www.airasia.com very famous among frequent travelers. Although new competitors can create a website for their company, it is quite difficult to compete with Airasia’s website. The website is known of its simplicity and user friendly. Thus, new competitors are difficult to make known their websites to travelers. vi)Strict government regulations. In obtaining license and permit to operate  an airline company is quite restricted. This is because in Malaysia, the airline industry is very competitive already and that the government also wants to protect the interest of its national airline, MAS which is operating on loses a few years back. 2.Rivalry among existing firms The strength of this factor depends on: i)High numbers of rivals. There are approximately 59 low fares and no frills airlines compete with Airasia. Among of them are Tiger Airways, JAL Express, JetStar Airways, Air Arabia and etc. Some of the airline does not compete directly with Airasia, but it competes indirectly in routes that Airasia does not fly. Thus, the higher the number of competitors, the more fierce the competition. ii)High fixed cost. The airline industry incur high fixed cost which consists of finance cost, hire purchase, and staff costs. The airline companies have to gain more market share to cover the fixed costs. In doing that, constant price reduction is done by them to compete with others. Thus, the rivalry is strong. iii)Customers easily switch. The nature of airline industry is that customer’s priority is to look at price and flight schedule that suits them the best when buying air tickets. The main purpose of using the airline services is to get to the destination intended. Customers can switch to other airline easily which makes the industry so competitive. iv)High exit cost. It is hard for an airline company to exit the industry. It is because the cost is high in paying the loans, staff retrenchment and flight cancellation refunds. Even making losses, the companies have to get running to cope with fixed costs. This makes the industry very competitive. v)Products are similar. As mentioned earlier, the main purpose of using airline services is to reach the destination. Every airline provides similar  services to customers. Though Airasia provides other added services like hotel booking, and tour packages, it is subject to the customer’s choice. An industry with similar products offered is highly competitive. 3.Threat of Substitute product i)Easy to switch. There are about 59 low cost airlines competing in the industry. The airlines serve over one hundred cities and islands across the sub-continental regions of South Asia, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia. Although some of the budget carriers only fly domestic routes within the country of origin, while only a few operates international routes connecting nearby countries, customers will always look for alternatives. ii)Performance of substitutes. Performance of other airlines are quite similar with Airasia’s given there is no obvious product differentiation. Performance of airlines normally consists of the accuracy of take off time, aircraft performance and staff services. So far, Airasia had constantly reviewed its performance and improve its services. iii)Relative price. The price of substitutes are about the same with Airasia’s. Some of the airlines offers cheaper price to achieve profitable passenger loads. The price offered depends on the time gap between the booking date and flight date. The longer the date, the cheaper will be the price. If the tickets are purchased last minutes, the price will be about the same with premium airlines like MAS and Singapore Airlines. Thus, in this situation customers would switch to the premium airlines. 4.Bargaining power of buyers i)No significant product differentiation. The only difference Airasia’s product with others airlines is the holiday packages offered. Most of the low cost airlines concentrate on providing flight services only to customers. There is some offers hotel booking at the city that the airline flies to. However, Airasia makes the difference by providing holiday packages like example 3 days and 2 nights to Bali at RM800 per pax includes  flight ticket, accommodation and travel guides. For customers who do not want to follow the travel agencies and enjoys freedom, they will look for Airasia’s packages, but the customer’s portion of this type is small. Thus the bargaining power of buyers is strong as the main thing they look for is to fly to destinations. ii)Low switching costs. Cost of switching to other airlines is low, so bargaining power of buyers is strong. Airasia is not the only airlines operates in Asia. Other than that the price offered by other competitors are not much different. The customer choice is subject to their convenience and flight schedule that fit them best. iii)Portion of buyers expenditure on airline is moderate. This factor depends on portions of income an individual earns. The higher the portion, the more the customer look for cheaper price and thus, the stronger the bargaining power of buyers. Eg when a student without earning any income, will look for the cheapest price available as the portion of his expenditure will be very substantial. iv)Customers have access to market information. The IT world had emerged since 20th century. Many big and success companies in the world uses IT and e-commerce to operate. Without IT, the business had boundaries and international business will be prohibited. With worldwide web, information can be gathered on one click. Customer’s access to the current airline market information is easy and available all the time. The airline companies have less room for negotiation. Thus, customers had strong bargaining power. v)Buyer’s power concentration in many hands. Most of the airline company customers are individual travelers, only some travel in groups. So the air tickets are purchased individually. The airline companies are not relying on a few groups of customers only. Thus, the bargaining power of buyer is strong. 5. Bargaining Power of Suppliers i) Supplier concentration in a few hands. The supplier of airline companies is the fuel supplier, foods supplier, merchandise supplier and aircraft supplier. There are few suppliers in the market, eg the aircraft supplier, the companies are either Airbus or Boeing. In this case the power of supplier is strong. Other supplier like foods supplier and fuel supplier, the term of the supply must be based on the market condition. The supplier cannot increase too much of its price or risk losing long term business with the aircraft companies. ii)High switching costs. Most of Airasia’s aircraft are Airbus models. Previously the company used Boeing models, which they lease it and the company had since phased out most of the models and replace with Airbus. If Airasia is to switch to Boeing again, then the cost will be high, because training cost for employees to suit the aircraft features must be provided. Other than that, the technology used by Airbus is the most advanced, thus Airasia must rely to the Airbus engineers to do maintenance of the aircrafts and seek advices. Thus, bargaining power of suppliers is strong. iii)Relative lack of importance of buyers to supplier. Airbus is a UK based aviation company. Its customers come from around the world. So far 9,113 aircraft had been ordered, out of which 5,408 aircraft had been delivered by the company. Airasia had ordered 200 aircraft from Airbus and so far only 54 aircraft had been delivered. The percentage of less than 1%, 0.99% proves that Airasia is not Airbus’s important buyer. Thus, Airbus had strong power over Airasia.

In what way has knowledge of the contextual Essays

In what way has knowledge of the contextual Essays In what way has knowledge of the contextual Essay In what way has knowledge of the contextual Essay this, possibly above all other Shakespeare dramas, is inextricably linked to the wider field of society and civilization. As many observers have pointed out ( Kermode, 1990 [ 1 ] ; Coursen, 2000 ; Vaughan and Vaughan, 1991 )The Tempestis best seen as a complex web of changing socio-political and cultural concerns that each adds to the overall dramatic sense of the drama [ 2 ] . With this in head, in this essay I would wish to concentrate on three specific countries that I feel are synecdochic with the larger socio-political dramatic purpose. First, I would wish to look at the character of Caliban and particularly how it relates to colonial discourses in the in-between portion of the 16th century and the early portion of the 17th century. Then I will travel on to look at impressions of Catholicism, particularly as it relates to recent arguments refering Shakespeare’s ain line of descent and the content of Prospero’sEpilogueand, eventually, I will look at the little but revealing image of Miranda and Ferdinand’s game of cheat in the last Act and how this relates to issues of sovereignty and the political plant of Thomas More. All of these countries, although disparate, are connected non merely in the political orientation of the drama but to the wider societal scene of early Jacobean England. As Vaughan and Vaughan province in their surveyShakespeare’s Caliban( 1991 ) , the portrayal of Caliban inThe Tempestis built-in to an apprehension of many of the socio-political influences of the drama: â€Å"Caliban. In modern poesy he is a repeating symbol for the victimization of Third World people. In the theater he can be anything the manager imagines, from amphibious to punk rocker to black militant.† ( Vaughan and Vaughan, 1991: 3 ) Commensurate with this, the writers place the historical roots of Caliban steadfastly in the find of America and its native people. For Vaughan and Vaughan, as for many others, the image of Caliban as the obscene other to the learned Prospero or the filmy Ariel, is evidently drawn from modern-day histories of native Americans. Trinculo’s averments in Act II, Scene II seem to bare this out: â€Å"†¦there would this monster make a adult male ; any unusual animal there makes a adult male: when they will non give a doit to alleviate a square mendicant, they will put out 10 to see a dead Indian.† ( Act II, Scene II ) As Kermode tells us ( 1990 ) this makes direct mention to the exhibiting of native Americans in England by adventurers and showmen like Martin Frobisher and George Weymouth ( Bissell, 1925: 56 ) . This impression is compounded farther by Trinculo’s holding Caliban an â€Å"islander† ( Act II, Scene II ) . As a dramatic concept, Caliban comes near to the portrayal of Montaigne in hisOn Cannibals( 1993 ) , in fact Vaughan and Vaughan suggest that the name Caliban, itself, could be a portion anagram, portion bastardization of the term ‘cannibal’ . Montaigne’s essay is, in some sense typical of many early and mid Enlightenment preparations of the ‘savage’ or ‘man in a province of nature’ . For Montaigne, as for Shakespeare through Caliban, autochthonal people represented non merely an other but a distillment of expulsed traits, both good and bad, from the complications of tribunal society, as Montaigne says: â€Å"They spend the whole twenty-four hours dancing. Their immature work forces travel hunting after wild animals with bows and pointers. Some of their adult females employ themselves in the interim with the heating of their drink, which is their rule duty.† ( Montaigne, 1993: 111 ) This is some of the blissful ignorance we detect in the character of Caliban who, aside from being the animal of load for both Prospero and Trinculo and Stephano displays a natural exuberance at times: â€Å"Caliban: I’ll show thee the best springs ; I’ll pluck thee nerries ; I’ll fish for thee, and acquire thee wood sufficiency. A pestilence upon the autocrat I serve1 I’ll bear him no more sticks, but follow thee, Thou wonderous man.† ( Act II, Scene II ) This last transition, nevertheless, high spots a aspect of the Elizabethan and Jacobean consciousness and attitude towards the freshly found autochthonal people. The overruling sense, throughout the drama, sing Caliban’s character is one of servitude, of merrily being ruled and conquered by foreign colonists [ 3 ] . This is besides reflected in histories such as Bartolome de las Casas’On the Indians, published in 1552: â€Å"The Roman Pontiff, canonically chosen vicar of Jesus Christ and replacement of St. Peter, has the authorization and the power of Christ himself, the boy of God, over all work forces in the universe, trusters or infidels.† ( Englander, Norman, O’Day and Owens, 1990 ) It is no great thematic leap to compare the Godhead right of apostolic sovereignty over the native people of the Americas with the images of Caliban’s bondage inThe Tempest[ 4 ] . This point forms the footing of much Margaret Paul Joseph’s survey of colonial discourses in Carribean literature,Caliban in Exile( 1992 ) , in which she besides equates the relationship of Caliban and Prospero with colonial servitude: â€Å"Thus it comes about that Shakespeare gives Prospero an island to govern and Caliban a maestro to function. It besides comes about that Prospero and Caliban thereby provide us with a powerful metaphor for colonialism. An outgrowth of this reading is the abstract status of being Caliban, the victim of history, frustrated by the cognition of arrant powerlessness.† ( Paul Joseph, 1992: 2 ) If Caliban is the obscene addendum to the white European Renaissance society, Prospero is its exemplar. As Harold Bloom provinces ( 2000 ) , Prospero is, in many ways a complex of many Shakespearean heroes and tragic figures ; he has the air of tragic royalty as shown inRichard II, he resembles, to some extent the Duke inAs You Like Itand has some of the degage adulthood of the same inTwelfth Night. However, as David Beauregard states in his essay â€Å"New Light on Shakespeare’s Catholicism† ( 1997 ) , Prospero is, in many ways, symbolic of Shakespeare himself and it is theEpilogueto the drama that reflects this most. As Kermode states theEpiloguetoThe Tempestis â€Å"at the bosom of the contention refering the reading of the drama as personal allegory† ( Kermode, 1990: 133 ) nevertheless, as we shall see, it besides has a great trade to state us about modern-day socio-politics. Prospero’s place in the play is that of usurped victim to Antonio’s political maneuvering: â€Å"With all honours, on my brother: whereon, A unreliable ground forces levied, one midnight Fated to th’ intent, did Antonio open The Gatess of Milan ; and I’th’ dead of darkness, The curates for th’ intent hurried hence Maines and they shouting self.† ( Act I, Scene II ) Kermode asserts that line 131 here, that makes reference of the â€Å"ministers† refers merely to â€Å"those who are employed† ( Kermode, 1990: 17 ) , nevertheless we can besides observe the twinning, in this really early subdivision of the drama of the socio-politics of the Milanese tribunal with faiths persecution and ejection. A point David Beauregard makes with mention to theEpilogue: â€Å"In general, the text of Prospero s epilogue shows a consistent usage of these interlacing theological footings and philosophies. The cardinal dramatic position of a adult male confronting concluding desperation and appealing for alleviation to intercessory supplications to put him free from his mistakes or wickednesss is decidedly non Protestant.† ( Beauregard, 1997: 1 ) Beauregard points to cases of Catholic traditional knowledge and wording in the Epilogue every bit good as the overall subject of wickedness and requital within the play ; a leitmotiv he associates with a Catholic scruples. The last line, for case, with its usage of the word â€Å"indulgence† , as Beauregard states reflects the many Catholic piece of lands go arounding at the clip of the play’s production, texts such Robert Bellarmine’sAn Ample Declaration of the Christian Doctrinethat besides, as Beauregard states makes reference of the nature of the â€Å"captive soul† by wickedness ( Beauregard, 1997:1 ) . The erudite Prospero is besides brooding of the erudite James I ( Coursen, 2000: 19 ) and the connection of Miranda and Ferdinand, representative of the two houses of Milan, can be seen as symbolic of the promise of peace between Protestant and Catholic under Jacobean kingship [ 5 ] . The elusive relationship between Catholic and Protestant at this clip is neatly summed up in Churchill’sA History of the English Speaking Peopless: â€Å"The Jesuits who had assailed Elizabeth were almighty in Rome, and replied with many volumes assailing his right to the throne. The air seemed charged with secret plans. James, although inclined to acceptance, was forced to move. Catholics were fined for declining to go to the services of the Established Church and their priests were banished.† ( Churchill, 1980: 118 ) TheEpilogue, so, can be seen as a encomium to Catholic-Protestant peace through art and supplication: â€Å"†¦.Now I want Liquors to enfore, Art to enrapture ; And me stoping is desperation, Unless I be reliev’d by prayer.† ( Epilogue ) In some ways it can believe of as appealing straight to James I [ 6 ] , biding the late crowned King to with wisdom and â€Å"gentleness† , as does Prospero, in unifying the two cabals, symbolized in the relationship between Miranda and Ferdinand. The seminal scene, of class, having Ferdinand and Miranda comes portion manner through Act V, Scene I and is heralded with the phase waies: â€Å"Here Prospero discovers Ferdinand and Miranda playing chess† ( Act V, Scene I ) As Kermode points out ( 1990, 122 ) this is â€Å"one of the comparatively rare mentions to chess in Shakespeare† so we could deduce, possibly, that it is of import to the socio-political dogmas of the drama. There are literary reverberations of Shakespeare’s usage of cheat in Thomas Middleton’s 1625 dramaA Game of Chess( Middleton, 1999 ) , where the Jacobean evocation of socio-politics with game playing is apparent from the Prologue: What of the game called chess-play can be made To do a stage-play, shall this twenty-four hours be played. First you shall see the work forces in order set, States and their pawns, when both the sides are met, The houses good distinguished, in their game Some work forces entrapped and taken, to their shame† ( Middleton, Prologue ) In a clip of political mutual opposition, with Protestant levies to the Crown and Catholic secret plans on parliament, the symbolism of two opposing warring cabals was disposed. Chess, as a cultural symbol besides features in Thomas More’sUtopia( 1965 ) and has been seen, by many observers as an of import influence on Shakespeare’s usage inThe Tempest( Neilson, 1956 ; Friedman, 1957 ) . Ferdinand and Miranda are non so much symbols of a Crown and a state reunited but of the promise of such. Prospero’s island, wracked with storms and turbulency, peopled by creative persons ( in the signifier of Ariel ) , monsters, saps, buffoons, wise work forces, male monarchs and rummies is a clear symbol for England in the early portion of the Seventeenth Century. In many ways,The Tempestis a fitting drama for a new century ; it exists as non so much socio-political fable but psychosocial exegesis. The psychological aspirations and wants of Shakespeare are instilled in two of the play’s most unmarked characters, Miranda and Ferdinand who have, over the many old ages of critical thought on the drama been ignored mostly in favor of Ariel, Prospero and Caliban. However, as we have seen, they provide us with non merely the romantic psyche of the piece but the political bosom. If Prospero is symbolic of Jacobean wisdom, the two lovers are symbols of a united state where truth and security is found through common trust and apprehension: â€Å"Miranda: Sweet Lord, you play me false. Ferdinand: No, my dearest love, I would non for the world.† ( Act V, Scene I ) As we have seen, so, a cognition of modern-day socio-politics and civilization is non merely good to an apprehension ofThe Tempestbut, virtually, built-in to it. However this must ever be tempered with an grasp of the psychological motives of the writer. It is besides merely through an grasp of modern-day arguments that we hope to compare Shakespearean play to our ain societal and political climes. At the beginning of a new millenary we are, possibly, ideally situated to appreciate the many socio-political leitmotivs in the drama, the many poetic figure of speechs environing the impression of get downing once more and new skylines. Prospero’sEpilogue, every bit good as being a veiled mention to Catholic absolution and indulgence is a anthem to political mildness and integrity, it is merely in such a clime can art and literature genuinely flourish: â€Å"Unless I reliev’d by supplication, Which pierces so, that it assaults Mercy itself, and frees all mistakes. As you from offenses would pardon’d be Let your indulgences put me free.† ( Epilogue ) Mentions Beauregard, Daniel ( 1997 ) , â€Å"New Light On Shakespeare’s Catholicism: Prospero’s Epilogue in The Tempest† , published inRenaissance Essays on Values in Literature Vol. 49 Bissell, Benjamin ( 1925 ) ,The American Indian in English Literature of the Eighteenth Century, ( New Haven: Yale University Press ) Bloom, Allan and Jaffa, Harry ( 1964 ) ,Shakespeare’s Politicss, ( London: Basic Books ) Bloom, Harold ( 2000 ) ,Shakespeare’s Love affairs, ( London: Chelsea House ) Churchill, Winston ( 1980 ) ,A History of the English Speaking Peopless: Vol. II The New World, ( London: Bantham ) Coursen, H.R ( 2000 ) ,The Tempest: A Guide to the Play, ( London: Greenwood Press ) Englander, David, Norman, Diana, O’Day, Rosemary and Owens, W.R ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1990 ) ,Culture and Belief in Europe 1450-1600: An Anthology of Beginnings, ( London: basil Blackwell ) Joseph, Margaret Paul ( 1992 ) ,Caliban in Exile: The Outsider in Caribbean Fiction, ( London: Greenwood imperativeness ) Kamps, Ivo ( 1995 ) ,Materialist Shakespeare: A History, ( London: Verso ) Mannoni, O ( 1956 ) ,Prospero and Caliban: The Psychology of Colonization, ( London: Methuen ) Middleton, Thomas ( 1999 ) ,Womans Beware Women and Other Plaies, ( Oxford: Oxford University Press ) Montaigne, Michel De ( 1993 ) ,Essaies, ( London: Penguin ) More, Thomas 1965 ) ,Utopia, ( London: Penguin ) Neilson, Francis ( 1956 ) ,Shakspere and the Tempest, ( London: Richard Smith ) Shakespeare, William ( 1990 ) ,The Tempest: Arden Edition, Kermode, Frank ( erectile dysfunction ) , ( London: Routledge ) Tanner, J.R ( 1952 ) ,Constitutional Documents of the Reign of James I: A.D. 1603-1625, ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ) Vaughan, Alden and Vaughan, Virginia mason ( 1991 ) ,Shakespeare’s Caliban, ( Cambridge, Cambridge University Press ) Wiltenburg, Robert ( 1987 ) , â€Å"The Aeneid and The Tempest† , published inShakespeare Survey 39. 1

The Importance of International Nursing Experiences

The Importance of International Nursing Experiences International Nursing Experiences are a great way to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation for the nursing field and how it’s applied in different cultures and environments and there is a strong need for nurses in underdeveloped countries so participating in such an experience fills an important void. While having a thorough understanding of medicine and its effect on the human body is importing in nursing, so is applying it to the wide variety of experiences that different people go through. It can be an enriching experience for anybody who partakes, in fact, research has shown that nurses who study abroad come back to their homes with increased confidence and great sense of cultural competence, so it is greatly beneficial to nurses of all levels who hope to improve their skills within the profession.Below are some of the many benefits to an international nursing experience.Understanding How One’s Environment Affects Their HealthTraveling internationally to volu nteer in hospitals or homes is arguably the best way to learn about how different environments affect our health and the quality of care available in less-developed areas.While nurses and patients in the western world have ample supply of basic human rights like access to clean water sources and sanitation equipment, those in less developed parts of the world are not always so fortunate. Creating that visual connection and shaking the hands of those who live in it can greatly enhance a person’s appreciation for the tools and experiences they typically have at home and their advantages in the health field.Additionally, as their understanding grows, and they are made aware of the conditions in which other people are living, they can better understand how to treat illnesses common to the area. For example, people who predominantly use wood burning stones might have difficulty with their respiratory health, and seeing that in person will assist nurses and encourage them to consid er these types of environmental factors when treating patients.Awareness of Region-Specific Health ConditionsAs touched on above, getting an honest, true look at the environments that others live in serves of great importance in understanding how some health conditions arise. Many diseases and illnesses are region-specific, and while it is possible to learn about them from home, it is much more effective to see them first hand.Nurses who travel frequently will end up with a much more extensive library of region-specific conditions and illnesses than one who doesn’t, and they’ll be better prepared to treat patients with those diseases given their first-hand experience. This is greatly tied to learning about region-specific medicines and natural-plant remedies used by the region’s residents.By meeting with local residents and learning about their cultures, nurses can gain valuable insight to effective natural remedies that thrive the region’s unique ecosyst em, and gain a better understanding of medicines and treatments that are already showing some promise.Cultural AwarenessThe diverse cultures of the world make streamlining medical treatments challenging for nurses, and even more so when they lack awareness of the differences between various cultures. Without a thorough understanding of a patient’s culture, nurses may not be able to fully or competently care for them.Some of the factors worth considering when discussing competent care include language and dietary preferences and even cultural beliefs. There may even be something physically different in some cultures genetic makeup which would be resistant to westernized pharmaceuticals, so an increased understanding in culture can go a long way in enhancing patient care. Through international nursing experiences, cultural appreciation is broadened and developed thereby creating more empathetic nurses with a better sense of judgement.Additionally, nursing abroad encourages nurs es to learn new languages which then bridges the communication gap and reduces the risk of improperly caring for a patient or offering them a treatment option that may be further destructive to their health.Sensitivity TrainingMany nurses feel more comfortable treating patients of the same culture because they’re more familiar with the types of communication they use and the level of care they are used to.By training nurses to better assess and evaluate treatment plans to meet the needs of people of all walks of life, they are able to better create their action plans for care.Many newly graduated nursing studies have said that they don’t feel prepared to meet multicultural demands after completing their formal education, so diving into an international nursing program is a great way to prepare them for the diverse patient group they will be caring for in the future.What Is Gained from an International Nursing ExperienceAside from getting the opportunity to get out of t heir comfort zones and exploring a new part of the world, international nursing experiences greatly assist in developing highly qualified, well informed nurses and encourages them to further develop their skills and learning.By the time a nurse has completed an international nursing experience, they will have a significantly greater understanding of new cultures, unfamiliar environments, and region-specific health conditions that they may have never been exposed to otherwise.These skills can serve to make any nurse a more effective health care worker, regardless of where they decide to call their home. And isn’t that really what all nurses strive for?Author bio:Jennifer Clarke is a financial adviser with more than 4 years of experience in the healthcare area. Besides her day-time job, she writes for Healthcaresalariesguide, a website created as an alternative resource for everyone who seek information on healthcare finances.

Three course-changing Events in the history of western technology Term Paper

Three course-changing Events in the history of western technology - Term Paper Example The present superiority of the western world crucially pivots on the excellence of the technological development which mainly starts in the first half of the 18th century. Inventions of new technologies and gradual shift from manual labor to machine for nationwide internal production gradually begin to make the warring nations of the European continent outbound in search of newer supplies of raw materials to feed their gigantic machine-based industries and at the same time newer markets in order to sell the surplus commodities and goods after meeting their national demands. Consequently, Europe-controlled trade and commerce began to expand rapidly all over the world. Therefore, an economically strong militarily superior and Europe began to emerge in world politics. Indeed the West did not achieve this excellence overnight. Rather the west has a long tradition of science and technology and a great deal of course-changing inventions of technology. Among these course-changing events in technology, the inventions of print-machine, dry compass and the birth of Leonardo de Vinci are the most mentionable three. Indeed the chronology of the two inventions is such that the following had been benefitted by the preceding one. Gutenberg’s Invention of Printing Machine in 1436 It will not be an exaggeration to say that an enlightened Europe had been possible to a great extent because of Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of printing technology in 1436. ... According to a study, by the end of the fifteenth century, there were about 236 cities, all over Europe, that established printing machines (Febvre 36). But by the end of the 16th Century the printing presses in the European countries had produced about 200 millions of books. In the 1600s, the printing presses in Europe were â€Å"capable of producing 3,600 impressions per workday† (Wolf 213). Indeed, it is almost impossible to sum up the effects and the aftermaths of the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press. To a great extent, the invention of printing press was one of the direct catalysts of the Reformation. The catholic versus protestant conflict during the Reformation was able to achieve a popular dimension amongst the common people with the blessings of the printing presses. About 750000 pieces of Erasmus’s work, one of the leading figures of the Reformation, were sold in print-format during his lifetime. Again 300000 printed copies of Luther’s tra cts were distributed among the common people. Apart from the Reformation as the direct consequence of the invention of Gutenberg printing press, there are numerous events in the history of western world that can be linked with this invention. The Renaissance, the Enlightenment of Europe, the Age of Exploration and the Industrial Revolution were some of the remote mega events that were engendered by the invention of printing press since it led to the democratization of knowledge while establishing numerous groups of scholars and communities of scientists. Effects of the Invention of Dry-Compass and the Development of Maritime Technology Contemporary to the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press, the invention of dry compass along

Systems Analysis, Design and Development (Object Oriented using UML) Term Paper

Systems Analysis, Design and Development (Object Oriented using UML) - Term Paper Example Resources The resources that need to be made available to the analyst are a separate secluded environment with an up-to-date computing system that is connected to the rest of the computing devices of the organization. The computing system needs to be equipped with the latest and most comprehensive analytical software that would enable the provision of precise and timely analytical assessment as and when required. The time given to the analyst for conducting his assessment should be ample so that the process gets done in its due time thus guaranteeing its error freeness. 1 SUMMARY The current report is intended to be a feasibility report for the development of the online auction system for vehicle selling and purchase. The vehicles purchase/selling system will work on the basis of online auctions. Bidders of the vehicles will gradually increase the bid cost for a specific time period. The system will monitor the auction end time. At the end of auction period highest bidder will be the winner of the bid. Subsequent notifications to the respective seller and highest bidder will be generated by the system automatically. Since it would be online and less cumbersome than a real world vehicle auction scenario, the online auction management system will attract both purchasers and sellers to use it. The system would, in turn, get benefited from both the participants. The proposed system will not only provide an operational platform for such convenient buying, but would also maintain the bidder and seller profiles in order to produce future follow ups. The system will comprise of the following core modules a brief summary of which is provided as follows: Customer (Seller/Bidder) Profiling: This module maintains and manages the details of each purchaser (bidder) and... The paper tells that an online auction mechanism is intended which attracts sellers and buyers of vehicles. The system will be a reliable e-commerce system and will provide opportunity for online sales through auctions. Both the seller and the buyers will be the customers of the system. The system will maintain the personal information of both participants. After registering a vehicle by a seller the bidder will be able to bid on it until the bidding time expires. All bidders will have equal opportunity to increase the bid with equal rate, that is, 100 $ for car and 50 $ for motorcycle. After ending the bidding process, the bids will be evaluated and decision will be made accordingly. The bidder with highest bid among all the other bidders will win the vehicle auction; however, the biding price must be greater than the base price as provided by the seller. The successful bidder will be notified by the system automatically then he has to perform personal visit to the vehicle and payme nt will be made. In case of the failure of the auction i.e. the highest bid could not cross the minimum price of the vehicle or in case of no bid, the system will automatically notify the seller about the situation and the vehicle information will be removed in both cases. Such system will allow purchasers to have a fair market survey and will provide ample vehicle selection opportunities. Due to the effectiveness of system both the purchaser and seller would not be able to acquire undue benefits in any case. With the optimized vehicle price (as desired by the seller) the bidder will not have to pay exorbitantly.