Concern on environmental issues worldwide

Concern on environmental issues worldwide There has been a rising concern on environmental issues worldwide nowadays. Ministry of foreign affairs statistic shows that over the years, the temperature has been rise because of carbon dioxide trapped and green house gases have affected the global climate. This change will affect the people live all over the world. This also includes access to water, health, food and the well being of the environment. Todays consumers have started to recognize that their purchasing behaviors actually cause a big impact to the environment. Therefore, companies should practice offering environmentally friendly products and service to people to prevent this world become worse. Although, Malaysia has undergone an excellent development followed governmental efforts to attract foreign investor to come and invest for a green product development in Malaysia, the action of environmental responsible behavior among Malaysian consumers are still low. One of the examples of the lack of environmental responsible behavior is shown in an article in Bernama whereby garbage thrown by one of the state in Malaysia residents is the main cause of river pollution in the state. According to a survey which was handled on by global market insight and information group, only 8% of Malaysian respondents responded that they have changed their behavior in a greatest deal to benefit the environment on the aspect of eco-friendliness of habits and behaviors In addition 83% respondents reported that their views on a companys and their Colleges friendliness to the environment would influence them to purchases a green products and services. Studying the determinants of generation-Y consumers green purchase behavior will be definitely benefit green marketers. Generation-Y (also known as a millennial) is defined as A label attributed to people born during the 1980s and early 1990s. Members of Generation Y are often referred to as echo boomers because they are the children of parents born during the baby boom (baby boomers). Because children born during this time period have had constant access to technology (computers, cell phones) in their youth, they have required many employers to update their hiring strategy in order to incorporate updated forms of technology. In a simple word, generation-Y grew up with a technology and relies on those things to perform their job and their task. In addition, when going through a literature review in Malaysian context, there are still a gap existed between environmental knowledge, intention and behavior towards green product. [Said et al. (2005)]. Even though people that have vast knowledge about green products are not necessarily would buy a green product. Therefore, factors those determine and affect Generation-Y to purchase a green product would be worth to find out. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH Environment is defined as what surrounds a thing or an item or in other words it means the surrounding. It could be a physical element which is physical environment, that includes the built environment, natural environment such as air, water, land, atmosphere and etc or it could be human environment where people surrounding the item or thing which also known as the social environment. Today environment is getting worst and worst. Many environmental issues arise. Environmental concerns have been growing in recent years. One of the examples of environmental issue is global warming. Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural events and human activities such as burning garbage and waste are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures. This is caused primarily by increases in greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide. The greenhouse effect keeps the earth warm when functioning normally. For the first time in h istory, human activities are altering the climate of our entire planet. According to (Jack, 2010), in less than 2 centuries, humans have increased the total amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 25% from the burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of forests. In addition to the natural fluxes of carbon through the Earth system, human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and deforestation, are also releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (The Carbon Cycle; the Human Role, Earth Observatory, NASA). Green product is define as a product that produce limited carbon footprints; they may require fewer resources to produce, consume less energy or emit fewer hazardous emissions.  Green product is also a product that is non toxic, water-efficient, and also recyclable and biodegradable. There are many green products that have been produce for people in the market. For example, a household cleaner. Nowadays its nearly impossible to go shopping without finding a plethora of products that claim to be environmentally and consumer friendly. Oddly enough, many cheap and eco-friendly substances, such as vinegar, have been used for years as home cleaners. Whether you buy a green cleaning product at a store or use something on hand in your pantry, you can reap the benefits of choosing products that are gentler on you and the environment. Phosphate-free dishwasher and laundry detergents are also consider a green product because they do not discharge environment-damaging phosphates into waterway s. Other examples of green cleaning products are those labeled certified biodegradable; these have passed several stringent tests relating to biodegradability and environmental impact conducted by an independent certifying agency. According to Consumer Reports, the certified biodegradable label is more meaningful than a general biodegradable label. Glass and metal cleaners, kitchen and bathroom cleaners, and laundry detergents are products that might carry this label. The rationale for going green is twofold. Clearly, the positive effects on the environment are a key driver for purchasing green product.  Green product provides myriad environmental benefits. They can replace toxic materials that may be harmful to people or animals. Also, some products save energy and water, while others limit solid waste and manufacturing releases. Green products create a healthier environment for people through reduced exposure to cleaners, solvents, paints and other hazardous substances. Green product also can reduce allergies. Many families find that their children are suffering from allergies, even though their family history does not necessary say that there are no allergies. In some situations, chemicals found within cleaning products contain allergens. Bleaches, toxic cleaning sprays and other chemicals used to clean the home commonly contain a variety of ingredients specifically able to cause or trigger allergies in people.   Generation Y are the cool generation, they embrace brand and live in the new world of digitize communication. Thus that might be interesting to find their perception and their level of awareness towards environmental issues that the world is facing nowadays. Gen Y has grown up in a very structure, busy and over planned world. Also, Gen Y is made up of confident, optimistic young people who feel valued and wanted. In a article of science daily, Gen-Y is a people that will go all the way when it comes to saving the environment as long as it benefit to world economic and environment. They are maturing into a pragmatic generation that wants to do the right thing for the environment but also has real economic concerns 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Consumers or practically customers are the sellers and buyers that boost the countrys economy. Therefore, many firms are actually putting many efforts in order to attract more customers because these customers create businesses opportunities and generate profits to them. As the world nowadays facing so many problems regarding to an environmental issue, the consumers and their attitudes or behaviors to purchase a green product are the important factors to be considered. Consumers nowadays have more choices due to the effects of globalization. They will prefer the function of the product rather than the brand or whatsoever to ensure a healthier future. To determine the current level of Gen-y consumers preference towards the green products. To determine what are the determinants or factors of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product. To determine the consequences or effects of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product. To determine consumer level of awareness of Gen-y consumer towards green product. 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Awareness towards environmental issue that the world nowadays facing play a major role encourage people to purchase a green product. Thus, this study is attempts to relate on the various variables that influence consumer especially generation-Y to purchase a green product. The objectives are as the following: * To study the factors affecting the consumer especially Gen-Y to purchase green product. Gen-y is a new generation and It is crucial to understand as they are more advance and modernize. Thus, several researches have been conducted in order to understand consumers in a way that how they behave, and what are the factors that cause them to behave or react to the responses of the products. Leading factors such as price and quality are always the top concerns to the consumers. Product attributes will moderate the effects of price on quality judgments. Partial of the consumers may focus on buying low prices goods and neglect the quality of the products. This group of consumers takes the price as a measure of sacrifice. For instance, consumers take the price served as the benchmark for comparing utility gains from the quality of the product. One the other hand, some portion of the consumers will be willing to pay a premium price for the quality and function of the products, as they are very sensitive to the signals of the quality of one product. Thus, it is hope that this stud y will contribute further to the understanding of factors of price and quality that may lead to the consumers prefer for a green product * To understand the awareness level of people about Go Green campaign. Nowadays, there are many environmental campaign have been organized by a government and private sector. This campaign is aim to encourage people to more concern about the environment. Thus, it is hope that this study will explore how people react to a environmental campaign and what is their level of awareness about the awareness campaign. * To examine the benefit for people involvement in Go Green program. We might be asking, how we will benefit from getting involved in this environmental campaign. Well, recently there has been an increase in events directly related to the availability of natural resources. For example energy shortages that resulted to load shedding, change in weather patterns and water shortages. As a result, civil society is recognizing the need to manage our natural resources more effectively and responsibly. In doing so, we can ensure positive effects on our health, quality of life and even the cost of living. Thus, this study will help people to getting known more about what they will gain if they participate in the environmental campaign. *To discover what consumer perception towards green product. In curiosity to identify what are the main components or criteria that consumer especially gen-Y are looking forward in order to purchase a green product. It is true that each and every one of us are special and unique in the way we are, thus, every consumer has their very own perception in purchasing a green product. Different people from different backgrounds may have different perceptions on these products. In addition to that, different demographic groups may have different perceptions to this kind of product as well. Thus, this study will help to identify whether the consumer especially gen-y prefer to buy a green product or not to safe a mother of earth. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This study is crucial as there are a lot of green products have been selling nowadays. Obviously, when we talk about green product, the price for that particular item might be so expensive. The study on factors affecting consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product may allow us to know in depth why are previous efforts taken does not produce as it is thought it would be. Based on the study conducted, motivations towards the environment, knowledge on green product, social norm, awareness and self-image have an impact on the consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product. Government may need to enhance its program in educating people green product. New and more interesting Go Green program and method is a definite necessity in motivating people to increase their interest/awareness on a green product and indirectly motivates them to purchase it. 1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY The research focus on students in Multimedia University (MMU) Melaka campus and teenagers from outside the campus which comes from various demographic backgrounds such as the faculty, ethnicity and nationality. The focused respondents are a great resemblance on the exact population in Malaysia. 1.6 ORGANIZATIONAL OF RESEARCH 1.6.1 Chapter 1: Introduction Regarding this chapter, it introduce the background of this research such as why do people as a consumer buy a green product. Thus, this will create a strong preference among the gen-y consumers locally and abroad to consume and purchase green products. These sections will explain in details in the of consumers preferences from the Malaysian perspective and as well from the global view for green products. This chapter also recognized the problem statement and the research objectives for this research. Finally, the justification of the research will help to justify the benefits and those who will gain in this research. Chapter 2 : Literature Review A thorough study will be conducted on the dependent variable and independent variables. The main purpose for this chapter is to weigh the pros and cons of the topic and to discuss in details on the ideas and knowledge concerned. In this chapter, every definition of the dependent variable and independent variables will be cited from the journals in order to strengthen every point mentioned. Several of arguments and various points of views from different authors in order to provide a stronger formation of each point can be founded in this chapter. In addition to that, this chapter explains the relationships on several independent variables relate to the dependent variables. 1.6.2 Chapter 3 : Research Methodology Research methodology is usually conducted after the thorough study of literature review. In this chapter, theoretical framework will be form to illustrate the relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Hypotheses or a proposed explanation which were made on the basis of limited evidences will explain the relationships between two or more variables. All the hypotheses stated will be tested together with empirical data. This chapter also includes the description of the sampling data, data collections and as well as the development of the questionnaire for this research. Chapter 4 : Data Analysis After questionnaires are collected from all the respondents, then few tests will be conducted to test on the validity and reliability of the results. The responds of the questionnaires from the respondents are represented by a set of numbers that symbolize their own significant meanings. Whereas the tests that will be carry out are to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will derive to a stronger conclusion at the end of this research. Chapter 5 : Conclusion This chapter will provide the final outcome of this research. Thus, the final results will be explained and we will be able to identify how the exact hypotheses that formed earlier are hold.

Class, Money, Pride and Happiness in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Auste

Happiness can be defined in a plethora of ways such as good fortune, a state of well being, or a pleasurable, satisfying experience. William Thackeray’s Rebecca Sharp stated in the novel Vanity Fair that she â€Å"could be a good woman if she had five thousand pounds† and she â€Å"could dawdle about in the nursery and count the apricots on the wall† (VF 414). Marianne Dashwood of Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility says that she â€Å"cannot be happy with a man whose taste did not in every point coincide with my own† (SS 15). Most importantly, Elizabeth Bennet of Austen’s Pride and Prejudice states that she would be happy with someone who â€Å"has no improper pride† and â€Å"is perfectly amiable† (PP 364). While all of these novels give a glimpse into the opinions of happiness, Pride and Prejudice delves into the nuances of happiness, showing the conflicts that come with these intertwining ideas of class, money, and pride. Ultimately, we come across an important question: What constitutes happiness and how do the ideas of class, money and pride coincide, bringing about conflicting moods in Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice? Throughout Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, we see many instances of the aforementioned conflicts that ensue. The first example of conflict comes out of the fictional mouths of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. Right out of the gate, Mrs. Bennet speaks of the fact that a wealthy individual by the name of Charles Bingley is to arrive at the vacant estate of Netherfeld. Mrs. Bennet states that, â€Å"Oh single, my dear to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!† (6). Edward Copeland writes in his article titled Class, â€Å"Incomes of 4,000 pounds a year and above leave behind... ...n while reading: â€Å"Which of us is happy in this world? Which of us has his desire? Or having it satisfied?† (VF 680). Elizabeth Bennet exclaims, â€Å"I am the happiest creature in the world. Perhaps other people have said so before, but no one with such justice. I am happier even than Jane; she only smiles, I laugh† (PP 369). Works Cited Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2004. Print Copeland, Edward. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print Thackeray, William M. Vanity Fair. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2003. Print Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Ed. Carol H. Poston. W.W. Norton & Company; Second Edition. New York: Norton, 1975. Print Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2003. Print

It was the worst thunderstorm in 36 years

Wednesday night, 9th October 2002. It was the worst thunderstorm in 36 years. The rain was like stones hammering onto you from the pitch-black sky. Long streaks of bright lightning were jumping from the sky. A few seconds after each bright light there was a gigantic roar, like a furious lion. The weather was wet, cold, dull, dark and miserable with horrendous winds, travelling at the speed of a cheetah. There were two boys. Andy was quite tall and skinny with short blonde hair. He had legs like long twigs and hands the size of a giants, but very brittle. The other boy, Paul, was big and obese. He was built like a tank. His fists were like big balls of steel. But he was very shy. Andy and Paul were walking home through the fields. It was dark and windy. Paul pulled out a torch. He turned it on, but all it gave out was a dull light that kept flashing on and off every time lightning strikes. Andy started to get scared and he walked faster and faster. Paul was dragging his big heavy feet though the wet muddy grass. Andy started to run but they were getting no where. Paul was dragging behind and was having problems keeping up with Paul. Andy looked behind him and saw Paul in the distance. So Andy shouted â€Å"hurry up Paul, we gotta get outa here†. So Andy slowed down and waited until Paul caught up with him. Then continued running. Andy shouts, â€Å"I can see a house†. So they both started to run towards the house. They both stop. Every thing is silent. Paul and Andy walk towards the front door. Paul nocks on the door and it opened. Nobody was in the house. Andy said, â€Å"is any body in†. Nobody answered so they both carefully walk in the house. There was not a bit of dust in the house. Paul and Andy hung up there soaking wet coats on a hanger and closed the door. The house was bright and warm. The two boys walked into the living room, which was straight in front of them. In the living room the fire was lit and there was stuffed animals every where. There was a huge old wooden staircase. They decided to sit down on the big black leather sofa. They sat down for a while. Paul quietly said, â€Å"let's go up stairs†. So they both went up stairs. They got to the top of the stairs and went to open one of the doors in front of them. The lights started flicking on and off. Andy started shaking. All of a sudden the house went cold. Paul opened the door. A body fell from behind the door. Both of the boys jumped back. The front door creaked open and then slammed closed. A deep mans voice yelled up the stairs, â€Å"who the hell is in my house†. The man ran up stairs with a dead squirrel in one hand and an axe in the other. The boys were so scared that they could not move.

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952

The Immigration and Nationality Act, sometimes known as the INA, is the basic body of immigration law in the United States. It was created in 1952. A  variety of statutes governed immigration law before this, but they werent organized in one location. The INA is also known as the McCarran-Walter Act, named after the bills sponsors: Senator Pat McCarran (D-Nevada), and Congressman Francis Walter (D-Pennsylvania). The Terms of the INA The INA deals with Aliens and Nationality.  Its divided into titles, chapters, and sections. Although it stands alone as a single body of law, the Act is also contained in the United States Code (U.S.C.).   Youll often see references to the U.S. Code citation when youre browsing the INA or other statutes. For example, Section 208 of the INA deals with asylum, and it is also contained in 8 U.S.C. 1158. Its technically correct to refer to a specific section by either its INA citation or its U.S. code, but the INA citation is more commonly used. The Act kept many of the same immigration policies from earlier statutes with some major changes. Racial restrictions and gender discrimination were eliminated. The policy of restricting immigrants from certain countries remained, but the quota formula was revised. Selective immigration was introduced by giving a quota preference to aliens with much-needed skills and relatives of U.S. citizens and alien residents. The Act introduced a reporting system whereby all U.S. aliens were required to report their current address to the INS each year, and it established a central index of aliens in the U.S. for use by security and enforcement agencies. President Truman was concerned about the decisions to maintain the national origins quota system and to establish racially constructed quotas for Asian nations. He vetoed the McCarran-Walter Act because he regarded the bill as discriminatory. Trumans veto was overridden by a vote of 278 to 113 in the House and 57 to 26 in the Senate. Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 The original 1952 Act has been amended many times over the years. The biggest change occurred with the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965. That bill was proposed by Emanuel Celler, cosponsored by Philip Hart, and heavily supported by Senator Ted Kennedy. The 1965 amendments abolished the national origins quota system, eliminating national origin, race or ancestry as a basis for immigration to the U.S. They established a preference system for relatives of U.S. citizens and permanent residents, and for persons with special occupational skills, abilities or training. They also established two categories of immigrants who would not be subject to numerical restrictions: immediate relatives of U.S. citizens and special immigrants. The amendments did maintain the quota restriction. They expanded limits to world coverage by limiting Eastern Hemisphere immigration and by placing a ceiling on Western Hemisphere immigration for the first time. Neither the preference categories nor the 20,000 per-country limit was applied to the Western Hemisphere, however. The 1965 legislation introduced a prerequisite for the issuance of a visa that an alien worker will not replace a worker in the U.S. nor adversely affect the wages and working conditions of similarly employed individuals.   The House of Representatives voted 326 to 69 in favor of the act, while the Senate passed the bill by a vote of 76 to 18. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the legislation into law on July 1, 1968. Other Reform Bills Some immigration reform bills that would amend the current INA have been introduced into Congress in recent years. They include the Kennedy-McCain Immigration Bill of 2005 and the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007. This was introduced by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and co-authored by a bipartisan group of 12 senators including Senator Ted Kennedy and Senator John McCain. None of these bills made it through Congress, but the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act toughened up border control and clamped down on welfare benefits for legal aliens. The REAL ID Act of 2005 was then passed, requiring proof of immigration status or citizenship before states can issue certain licenses. No less than 134 bills regarding immigration, border security, and related issues were introduced in Congress as of mid-May 2017.   The most current version of the INA can be found on the USCIS website under Immigration and Nationality Act in the Laws and Regulations section.

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Mark Twain - 3000 Words

Mark Twain’s Impact on American Literature. Multi-Genre Research Paper Table of Contents: Prologue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦.3 Expository Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.4-6 Multi-Genre Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-12 Epilogue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Works Cited †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Prologue. When I was thinking about the topic for my research paper I could not come up with any ideas. Then I looked through my entire English binder and realized that we had just learned about Mark Twain. I have learned about him but I did not know much about him. So I decided to write this multi-genre research paper in Mark Twain’s impact on American literature. I picked this topic because I find†¦show more content†¦He also used a lot of stories in his writings that actually occurred in his life and he wanted to find a way to express his feeling about those events. That’s why he wrote a satirical novel upon political and financial corruption in the United States. He was always against sham and corruption, greed, cruelty, and violence. That is the main reason why he is still well-read among our age group as well. He encouraged a lot of American people to fearless actions in their lives. He was a champion of radical experimentation and unconventional thought Obituary of Mark Twain. Mark Twain, Samuel Langhorne Clemens, died on April 21, 1910 in Redding, Connecticut of a heart attack. He was 74 years, 4 months and 22 days old when he died. Mark Twain is an American icon whose sharp wit and inimitable genius have entertained countless readers for more than a century. His many publications include such courageous childhood stories as The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, along with many dozens of other works ranging from airy magazine columns to focused, biting anti-imperialist satire. He was born in Hannibal, Missouri on November 30th 1835. The Clemens family consisted of two brothers, a sister, and the family-owned slave, Jenny, whose dramatic storytelling was influentialShow MoreRelated Mark Twain Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain was a pilot, a comic lecturer, a humorist, a short story writer, and a novelist, to name a few of his many accomplishments. 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So Twain didn’tRead More Mark Twain Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pages Mark Twain was the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, one of the major authors of American fiction. Twain is also considered the greatest humorist in American literature. His varied works include novels, travel narratives, short stories, sketches, and essays. His writings about the Mississippi River, such as The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Life on the Mississippi and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, have proven especially popular among modern readers. I feel that many of Mark Twains writingsRead MoreRighteousness, By Mark Twain2411 Words   |  10 Pagesauthor, Mark Twain, it is clear from his work that he has addressed the question of righteousness. As we take a look back in time from the lens of Twain s early life, this question of righteousness becomes very relevant. Growing up during the mid 1800s in Missouri, a place rampant with slavery, Twain was able to explore the American soul with wit, buoyancy, and a sharp eye for truth. Eventually he would soon come to realize the deep racial problems that existed in the south. For the young Mark TwainRead More mark twain Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pages Samuel Clemens/Mark Twain 1835-1910 Samuel Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri, the sixth of seven children. At the age of four, Sam and his family moved to the small frontier town of Hannibal, Missouri on the banks of the Mississippi River. Missouri, at the time, was a fairly new state (it had gained statehood in 1820) and comprised part of the countrys western border. It was also a slave state. Sams father owned one slave and his uncle owned several. In fact, it was onRead MoreEssay Mark Twain2590 Words   |  11 PagesMark Twain As one of Americas first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain, usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experience. # Two of his best-known novels show this trait, in his Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain immortalized the sleepy little town of Hannibal,Read More Mark Twain Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages MARK TWAIN a.k.a. Samuel Langhorne Clemens nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;Mark Twain, which is a pseudonym for Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was born in 1835, and died in 1910. He was an american writer and humorist. Maybe one of the reasons Twain will be remembered is because his writings contained morals and positive views. Because Twains writing is so descriptive, people look to his books for realistic interpretations of places, for his memorable characters, and his ability to describe hisRead More Mark Twain Essay2338 Words   |  10 Pages Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, is perhaps the most distinguished author of American Literature. Next to William Shakespeare, Clemens is arguably the most prominent writer the world has ever seen. In 1818, Jane Lampton found interest in a serious young lawyer named John Clemens. With the Lampton family in heavy debt and Jane only 15 years of age, she soon arried John. The family moved to Gainesboro, Tennessee where Jane gave birth to Orion Clemens. In the summer of 1827 theRead MoreMark Twain Research Paper900 Words   |  4 PagesName -- Professor Reber English 1113 10 October 2012 Mark Twain Mark Twain was a world renowned novelist and a beloved American Writer. He wrote things about what was happening in the world around him and is also a huge part of American Literature. Although Mark Twain is a famous novelist his home life, background/achievements, and greatest accomplishments are what made him who he is today. Mark Twain was more than the man we all know. For one thing, he was born as Samuel Langhorn ClemensRead MoreLife on the Mississippi by Mark Twain1523 Words   |  7 PagesLife on the Mississippi by Mark Twain is his memoir about vital river life during the steamboat era and a remembrance of it after the Civil War. . Mark Twain (1835-1910) grew up Samuel Langhorne Clemens on the Mississippi River in the small town of Hannibal, Missouri. Twain was a journalist, essayist, and writer of short stories and novels. Mark Twain tells of his life on the river, humorous stories, and a glimpse of his life during his childhood. This Memoir displays a detailed account about how

Corporate Accountability Social and Ethical Auditing

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Accountability for Social and Ethical Auditing. Answer: Introduction The present study focuses on different issues associated to the responsibility of the auditor especially during the time of global financial crisis that hits the entire society. During the period of financial crisis, the financial auditors are unable to provide reasonable assurance that the financial reports of the corporation are not tainted and do not contain the material errors. The outcomes from the Australian Auditing Standards, indicates many users rely on financial declarations of firms as the primary source of information. This is because the users of the financial information are incapable of obtaining additional information to meet specific information needs. The present report to the partner of the Chartered Accounting firm, Sally Smith, expounds the auditors liability during the global financial crisis to enhance the overall system of audit. The purpose of the current study is to examine the influence of financial crisis and macroeconomic fluctuations on liability of audi tors in a comparatively regulatory environment. Financial Crisis and the liability of the auditors The current section carries out a detailed analysis of the financial crisis and the associated liability of the auditors. The representative times of different financial instability are necessary to comprehend the notions of crisis (Messier Jr 2016). However, there is manifestation of different challenges from the economic, political as well as social environment. The global financial crisis refers to the period of tension, disorder as well as critical testing that is manifested in the society. Therefore, the economic crisis is mainly owing to the difficult state of affairs of different economic actions, a break and an alteration that can exemplify the slowdown, stagnation, stagnation or else the decline in the economic actions (Messier Jr 2016). Therefore, the financial crisis is a state of manifestation of different economic crisis that reflects mistrust in the entire financial system, a significant decline in the transactions on the stock exchange and a disorder of market transact ions (Schmidt 2012). As rightly put forward by Holm and Zaman (2012), the financial crisis might be considered as an opportunity to rectify different aspects of the financial system, mainly the shortcomings that have directed towards the economic slowdown. The government and international institutions can overcome the ill effects of the economic crisis by guiding the system of international financial reform that can help in maintenance of transparency, improvement of regulations on securities account, proper regulation of markets, maintenance of integrity of financial markets that can strengthen the overall cooperation between the financial corporations in the world (Holm and Zaman 2012). The financial system requires increased transparency as regards different aspects. As such, the financial market players play a major role in the process of mediation that is not limited by stringent rules on reporting. Therefore, the establishment of different regulations on different activities and reporting can help in the process of reduction of the volatility at the time when the market condition worsened. The development of different financial instruments is complicated for the purpose of the determination of the price and raises the risk of the investors (Louwers et al. 2013). Furthermore, the possibility of appropriate assessment of the risk and identification of the origin that bear the risk can help in enhancement of the regulation as well as supervision of the financial system. Under the Auditing Standard ASA 700 (Forming an Opinion and Reporting on a Financial Report), there is a segment on Auditors Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Report (paragraph 37 to 40 ASA 700) (Louwers et al. 2013). As per the regulation, the responsibility of the auditor includes presentation of the financial statements and the auditor needs to provide approval and agree with the compliance statement of the firm. In addition to financial reports, the auditors need to address other reporting accountabilities along with the financial reporting such as the Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements (Ye and Simunic 2013). Therefore, the objectives as well as general notions that govern the audit of different financial statements are to enable the auditor to express an outlook regarding the extent to which the financial declarations are prepared in different material aspects and in accordance with the applicable framework for financial reporting (Ye and Simunic 201 3). As a professional, the assessor is accountable for issuance of opinion on different financial statements of a business entity. At the time of performance of the audit, the financial assessor needs to assume huge responsibility as per the terms of the audit engagement and the nature of financial services rendered (Allen and Ramanna 2013). The liability of the auditors is essentially the wording of the terms of the audit engagement and with signing the letter of engagement; the assessor agrees to define the terms as well as the type of mission that will be compliant with the auditing standards. The assessor also agrees to establish different objective mission that refers to the identification of different financial reports that needs to be assessed along with the reporting structure (Allen and Ramanna 2013). In addition to this, the auditor needs to exercise the professional scepticism at the time of determination of the nature, duration as well as extent of the audit procedures and ev aluation of the evidences of the audit as well as results in order to recognize that the financial statement are free of material misstatement (Koh et al. 2013). Generally, the responsibility of the auditor is to review the quality of the financial reporting. The financial audit can help in maintenance of the quality by competing and signing pertinent sections of the audit programs, signing and dating the working documents and analysing as well as synthesizing different elements of balance, profit and loss (Koh et al. 2013). In general, the auditor is also responsible for the maintenance of internal control and detection of the risk arising out of both error and fraud. The detection of error involves identification of the wrong mathematical calculations, misinterpretation of diverse facts and misapplication of the different accounting policies (William et al. 2016). However, detection of fraud refers to the liability of assessor to recognize the diversions as well as thefts of different assets, removal or else omissions of different effects of financial transactions on the financial declarations along with misapplication of different accounti ng strategies that might mislead the users of the financial information. Again, the economy is badly affected by the global financial as well as economic crisis that in turn affects both enterprises and regional government budgets. The engines of growth need to send home the members of staff of different organizations and the opportunities of funding are also lower. In periods of economic crisis, the assessors therefore need to undertake different challenging tasks to handle the uncertain and at the same time unstable situations (Fontaine et al. 2013). Subsequently, the liability of the auditor is greatly augmented in different economic situations. The auditors therefore need to deal with great risks presented by an uncertain or else difficult economic environment by maintaining the continuance of the relationship with the client, communications with those having oversight responsibility for financial reporting and communications with management (Fontaine et al. 2013). In addition to this, the assessors also need to take into account different considerati on regarding the going concern, planning the audit strategy, comprehending the business entity and its environment, auditing different fair value enumerations, audit considerations for different financial declaration, superannuation plans and disclosures regarding financial reporting and opinions of the auditors (Zadek et al. 2013). Continuance of the client association During the period of economic crisis, the management of different corporations might have made changes to different business practices and internal controls that can in turn reflect the lack of integrity (Zadek et al. 2013). The indications are said to have certain substances that can lead the assessor to raise questions regarding the suitability of the audit engagement. In such state of affairs, the auditor also needs to take into consideration the legal as well as the regulatory obligations for the purpose of continuing or withdrawal of the client relationship (Svanstrm 2013). Communications with the ones having knowledge regarding process of financial reporting The Board of Directors, the business entity and other equivalent governance body are accountable for different oversight functions of the business entity. The body responsible for governance in compliance with the ASX Listing Regulations establishes different audit committee that can play a critical function in the oversight of the process of financial reporting (Tarr and Mack 2013). This role becomes even more critical during the period of financial crisis as it involves overseeing the process of establishment as well as maintenance of different internal controls that can provide reasonable assurance as regards the dependability of the financial reporting of different business concerns. The global financial crisis has amplified the liability of the auditors of the company (Tarr and Mack 2013). Therefore, the assessors in congruence with the people in the governing units reconsiders the risks that a particular business concern faces that in turn can make it certain that the audit com mittee has taken into account the influence of the new risks and the pre-existing risks on oversight accountability for the financial reporting procedures. The auditing also includes the reconfirmation with management regarding the reporting in addition to internal control system (Kumar and Mohan 2016). Therefore, the liability of the assessor is to ensure that the functioning of the business entity is carried out properly and the resources are there in place to support the company during difficult times. Again, the business entity also faces heightened risk of liquidity and there is material uncertainty. Therefore, the assessor needs to evaluate the capability of the business entity to keep on working as a going concern. The auditor also needs to understand the judgements of the management with regard to different values of the illiquid assets and support diverse information (De Haas and Van Horen 2012). Again, amplified liability of the assessor during the financial crisis also ca lls for the need of acquiring assurance from management as regards important accounting strategies and reporting policies and judgements that can be supported by a degree of rigour as well as analysis that is suitable for the circumstances and appropriate documentation (Jones and Presley 2013). Communication with the management and the governing units The increased liability of the auditors of the organization calls for the need of maintenance of regular communication and with the governing units of the organization (Mensah 2014). During the times of economic uncertainty, the importance of maintenance of regular communication is even more important for resolving different issues in a timely basis. Therefore, the auditor has the need to be more cognisant regarding increased need for properly communicating with the management of the organization regularly. Again, the auditor can become conscious of the material weaknesses in the process of formulation of the internal controls that might give rise to probable material misstatement in the financial reports (Wiggins et al. 2014). The auditor finds an understanding regarding the business entity, its environment and its environment and the auditor needs to assess different factors. The liability of the auditor directs towards the process of evaluation of the risk concerning the material misstatement in the financial reports owing to fraud (Jones and Presley 2013). The auditor also needs to identify as well as respond to different risks of fraud in the business entity that includes particular risks of fraud that the management can recognize. Considerations regarding going concern The auditor needs to take into consideration the appropriateness of the use of different assumptions of the going concern in the process of preparation of different financial declarations. Furthermore, the auditor needs to take into account the material uncertainties associated to the capability of the business entity to continue as a going concern (Eilifsen et al. 2013). Again, in uncertain conditions of the global financial crisis, there is reduced availability of credit and at the same time illiquidity during the short-term period. This in turn can indicate different potential problems that can influence the process of continuance of the business entity as a going concern. Planning the entire audit policy The global financial crisis directs towards the need for establishment of a strategy for the financial audit report. The responsibility of the auditor includes up gradation and amendments of different information from the ones available throughout the process of audit (Mueller et al. 2015). The overall policy points out towards the categories and allocation of resources that can be utilized for particular audit zones, timing of different procedures involved in audit and the materiality. The auditor also needs to take into consideration the fair value measurements, calculations on asset impairment, tax asset write-downs, legal issues regarding contracts and regulations, superannuation fund enumeration, fraud risk factors and matters upsetting the capability of the business entity as a going concern (Mueller et al. 2015). Understanding the business entity and the business environment The auditor also needs to have proper understanding the business entity and the environment in which the business operates. The auditors also need to concentrate on specific areas of financial reporting for detection of the material misstatements (Svanstrm 2013). The auditors also need to have special considerations for different areas of financial reporting that includes the accounting adjustments, impairments of different recorded value of the asset, changes in the share capital and debt arrangements among many others (Zadek et al. 2013). Documentation In accordance with the Auditing Standard ASA 230 Audit Documentation, the auditor needs to maintain documentation that can make it certain that the auditor has appropriate as well as sufficient records of the performance in order to support the conclusions (Tarr and Mack 2013). The Collapse of the Lehman Brother and the Auditors Liability The fall down of the Lehman Brothers, the American Investment Bank disentangles the worst financial crisis during the time of the Great Depression (Mensah 2014). The financial experts have identified the incapability to predict the future government activities, defaults on subprime mortgages as the reason behind the collapse of the Lehman Brothers. As such, the American investment bank had inadequate liquidity although had a massive base of assets. The other banks became worried about the unstable financial condition of the firm and switched over to protect their own interests and started withdrawing the lines credit (Mensah 2014). In addition to this, the Lehman was very much exposed real estate market of United States. Lehman invested huge amount of $60 billion in the commercial real estate market and was considered to be very large in the subprime mortgage. The collapse of the financial goliath Lehman Brothers can be regarded as the official triggering of the economic collapse tha t brought about the economic recession (Wiggins et al. 2014). The collapse indisputably generated a huge shock to the domestic as well as international trade and still remains the biggest filling of bankruptcy. The underlying problems of Lehman Brothers had generated over a number of years and are not to be revisited. Nevertheless, the fraudulent actions in the financial reporting implemented by the firm intended to apparently cover up the fundamental problems of the corporation and wanted to buy time for the resolution that in turn went unnoticed as well as unacknowledged by the auditor of the corporation over an extended stage (Jones and Presley 2013). This incident of the collapse of the Lehman Brothers therefore needs to serve as an important lesson for the auditors. The incident directs towards the fact that it is the liability of the auditor to examine the financial statements presented by the management of the corporations. Furthermore, it is the duty of the auditors to judge whether the financial declarations have been prepared as well as presented fairly according to the accounting principles stated by different regulatory authorities such as the Australian Accounting Standards Board among many others (Jones and Presley 2013). Recommendations and conclusions In conclusion, it can be said that the auditors therefore need to frame strategies and thereafter gather evidence to uphold all kinds of managements myriad financial declarations assertions are correct within the limits of materiality. Therefore, in a bid to express such kind of opinions the auditor needs to examine all the available evidences to conclude that all the material financial declarations can be sustained. It is essentially the professional scepticism that can drive the judgements of the auditors concerning the evidences that are required to attain the state. The accounting principles are essentially prescriptive as well as perfunctory in nature and characteristics. On the other hand, the rules for auditing needs to be behavioural in character as the tests and mechanisms are descriptive and depend solely on the judgements of the auditors. The auditors are anticipated to be independent of the clients both in fact as well as appearances. A superior subjective reasoning needs to be implemented in order to conclude whether the standard can be met in a specific circumstance. The auditors therefore need to be objective in the way the auditors need to view the audit evidences. Nevertheless, due care can be exercised in the process of audit. References Allen, A. and Ramanna, K., 2013. 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